Table Of ContentWebb SociDeeteyp -SOkbys ervHearn'dsb ook
Volmue3
Openan d .G lobulCalru sters
Compilbeydt heW ebbS ociety
EditoKre:n netGhl ynl oneFs.,R .A.S.
WrittaenndI llustrbayEt demdu ndS .B arkeFr.,R .A.S.
Witah forewobrydP rofesHseolre Sna wyerH ogg
(DaviDdu nlaOpb servatUonryi,v ersoifTt oyr onto)
Enslow Pubsl isher
Hilles,iN dew lerse0y7 205
1908
ToP rofesHseolreS na wyeHro gg,
Pre-emionbesnetr ovfeS rt aCrl usters,
Witghr atitaunddae f fection
Copyright1 980b yt heW ebbS ociety
©
Allr ighrtess erved.
No parotf t hibso okm ayb er eproducbeyda nym eans
withoutth ew rittpeenr missoifot nh ep ublisher.
LibroafCr oyn gCraetsasi ioPngu ibnlgi Dcaattai on
WebbS ociety.
WebbS ociedteye p-sokbys ervehra'nsd book.
Firsptu blishien1d 9 75-undetri tlTeh:e W ebb
Socieotbys ervehransd book.
Includbeisb liographies.
CONTENTS:v .1 .D oublSet arsv..-2 .P lanetaarnyd
gaseonuesb ulaev..3- .O pena ndG lobulCalru sters.
1.A stronomY-Obsermvaenrusa'l Is.l. o nesK,e nneth
GlynI.I T.i tle.
QB64.w3159 79 523 78-31260
Int heU .S.AI.S:B N0 -89490-03(4v-oXl .3)
Manufactuirnet dh eU niteSdt ateosfA merica
10 9 8 7 6
COTNENTS
List Of Illusrtatinos vi
GFoenreewraorPd reafce ttoh Hea nbdook vviiiii
pref ac1e, t oV olume3 :O peann dG loublra Culstres ix
Introd uctiont oO peann dG luolbarC ulsters
1
PART ONEO:p eCnl uesrts
HistorcialR eveiw 3
1. O_Asoscaitonis 5
GalcaticO penC ulsters 7
2. Caltaougeosf O peCnul sters 17
3.O besravtoni ofO peCnl utsers 19
4.
PARTTW OG:l uolbra Clutsers
HisrtiocaRle veiw 25
5.G aalctiGcl uolbra Culsters 27
6.G luolbarC ulsteirnEs x etnralG aalxeis 33
7.C atlaougeosf G luolbra Culstrse 35
Obesrvianot ofG luolbra Culsters 37
8.
PARTTH REE
A Caatluoego fO pne Clusters 43
Listo fA dditniaolO becjts 154
PARFOTU R
A Caltaougeo fG loublarC ulsters
115
LisotfA dditoniaOlb ecjts
198
APPENDCIES
1.C la7s Osp ne Culsters 191
2.Fu rtehrO besrvtainoso fO peCnl usters 179
43..PT hhtoeDo irsagtpniahcecSs oo fcuC ruelsfstor Oersp eann dG loublra Culsters 220031
5.B ibliroagpyh 205
vii
LISOTF I LLUSTRSA TION FOREWORD
O-BA2s sotciioanwsi th1i0n0 p0c o ft heS un Somew atcehrso ft hes yk reagrds tacrul sterass tmhoset
Distrbiutoino n tGhaeal ctic Planeo L8. 1O pne Clusters 69 t'flu objcetsi nt heh evaesn.S veerla millneia agot heo pne
1
LuminostiyFu nctioonfO pe.C nulstearnsdF ielSdt ars 12 bcelaSutU er, t heP leiadse,s oc uaghtt hei magtiinoaonf s moee raly
Coulr-oMagnitudDeia gramf orth eP leidaes 13 peplo est hatt herye ugltaedth eiyre ra byi thse lcilaa rising.
ColoMuargn-ituDdiaeg ramf oMr6 7 14 Tnneysonc pautretdh ierb euatyw hehne w rotteht a tPhlee idaes
Poistioonfs2 Flarsetr asi nt hPel eidaes 24 tarS" Giltter liek a sawrmo ff irelfietsan geldi na sliver
s .
Gaalctci Disrtiubtino of1 92 Gloublra Clusters 29 Eyec-tachnigy ounangd prfolaiteg blue-wshtiratsae ;r e
Colour-MaDgniaigtruamdf eo Mr 15 30 brafidae"t.r ue ofm ayn opne culstres, smoeo fw hihc havree ds tars
Distruitboino fG lobualrC lustienr sN 4G21C6 33 ato o.
staDris rtiubtoini nt heG luolbra CluesrPt aolma4r 42 Onlayft re thed eevlmoepnotf t elsecopdeisdg l oburl calutsers
Br.i 42 comte ob en otceidw itthhe ihru neddros fp inpoiognflhtt iesshgt t.s. t arisn tGhloeub larC ulsrt GeCl0 4221-32
Thieri mptoanrcew asr ecnoigzeadse ra1ya s1 174w henH alley
Fielddr awionfg1s 67 OpeCnul sterwsil lb e found shwrdelsyu gsgteetdht a thel uminsooputs,s i ncdliuntgh e
betweepnag se 48a nd1 53,a nda furetrhs maploef
gluolbra culstelrta ern umebre1d3 b yM esisre," cnanofta li to
6·O pne Clutserosnp ages 189 and1 99.
occuSppyca eism mselenyg reta".T hohu ggloublra culstearrset he
olsdteo bejctisn t hes yk,t heayr eb yn om eansstt aic,a sA uewr,s
FielDdr awionfg5 s3G luolbra Culs.t
erwsi llb e
Lutehra ndP ogosnl eranedi n1 680w hetnh esywa Messri 8e0i n
founbdet weenp ages 165 and1 83.
Scorpcihnuagse i tsapp eraancewi ths veae ntmha gnitundoevi an
itcso r.We heannd w herwei llt hnee tx sucnho vbae s eeni na
gluolbra culst?e Frreqtulecynhan gec na bneot iciend tchules ters
numebre2d, 3 and5 byM esisre wheonn eo ft heibrr gihtets stras
brgihtenans df daes aa pser ioidcv ariabl.e
Iti ss mall wodnerth astyk watchewritsh t elesecs, opoerv en
juts bincourlas, aree gaert oo besrvset ra culste.rT shisv olume
isa cnoveinnetp athwaayn dgu idet os ucohb esrvtainos.F ora
cneturgyre ta encroaugemheansbt e ne givetnos kyo besrvres,f irts
byt heR e.vT .WW.e babn dl taerb yt heS oceyit fonudeidn h is
hono.u rMsyi nccenrogera utlationsgo t ot heW ebSbco iye antd its
editKoern neGtlhyJ nno esf oprr oucdingth siH andbooko nS tar
Culstresa sV olmue3 oft heW ebSbo ectiyD ee-SpkOyb sveerrs '
Handobok.
Henl eSwayeHro gg
ix
viii
GenerParle face
astrNoamneomd e arf tatenrhdta e Whu ehetRbo ebSrov o f.Tct .ihWee.eWtc xeylib asbs(t st1Csio8e ce l 0n8ec78so-t5u1iarO)anabt,leg jh meeesi c tnftueosdanr oCytm fo adm tomeuoubnrl s et ars
�aan�tlder odsce�oe�pp�� sk,fe ylx euooprrbiijhcesecetnessi ..IIn ttt hh haaepss ama enrmutbmiebcireuonsfrlfa i as lereml codtts,eiht voe men earsaciy,cono huu n nnedtsbewr earhyi d e nirdgareo me uacbttleoeur r
wpassoh1tnctdaoriht esOs ,igr n�,s;;hb Yaiu.lcfa apteluveiaa bi ntrtlcdueiisca se.lt,Mbu i eosomotinbkrense erm crvsilsi,nuih eoadsiapwr eoQ plns pu ad sean enrtec tottase sinttrJ,royplo enoeyup nr rwonenhro wcaottvaolshsaitn ea nct tactha one ivdrnae eaistrsrnath ttgrreis eo c -les
tibel.A ppliciaotnf ormasn da nswertsoq ueriaerse a vailabflreo m
��.S.� Whitson,S ecrtearyW,e bbS ociet"yC,h estnut1s C"r,a mhurLsatn e,
Witlye,S urrey,En gland.
Web'bsC eletsialO bjecftosr C ommoTne lescopfeisr,s ptu blishiend
1589m usth aveb eena montgh em ost popularo fib tosok kisn de ver
written.R unngi tnhrousgihx e ditiobnys1 91.7it,s tilils i np rint
altuhgoht het exti so fm ore histotrhiacnpa rla cticianlt eretsott he
amateoufrt odayN.o to nlyh ask nowledogfet heu niverbseee nt ransformed
totalblyym oderdne velopmebnuttst ,h ep resengte neratoifoa nm ateur
•
astronomehrasst elescoapnedso theerq uipmetnhta te vent hep rofessional
ofW ebb'dsa yw oulhda vee nvied.
Thea imo ft hen ewW ebbS ociety DeeOpb-sSekyr veHra'nsd boioskt o
proviad es erieosf o bservemra'nsu atlhsa td oj ustitcoet hee quipment
thati sa vailabtloed aayn dt oc ovefri eldtsh ath aven otb eena dequately
coverbeydo theorr ganisatoifoa nmsa teurWse.h avee ndeavoutroem da ke
thesgeui dest heb esto ft heikri ndt:h eya rew rittebnye xpertsso,m eo f
themp rofsesionaaslt ronomewrhsoh, a veh adc onsiderable perxapcetrical
iencwei tht hep robleamnsd p leasuroefst hea mateuars tronomTehre.
manuaclasn b eu sedp rofitabbylt yh eb eginnewrh,ow illf indm ucht o
stimulahties e nthusiaansdmi maginatiHoonw.e vetrh,e ya red esigned
primarifloyrt hem oree xperienacmeadt euwhro s eekgsr eatesrc opfeo rt he
the exerocfih siess kills.
Eachha dnbooiks c omplewtiet hr espetcoti tss ubjecTth.e r eadeirs
givne an adqeuathei storiacnadlt heoretibcaasli fso ra moderunn der
�iing� ?f� thep hysicraoll eo ft heo bjecctosv eriendt hew idecro ntext
e un�vesre.H ei sp rovidweidt ha thorouegxhp ositoifoo nb serving
dgmas�na edt�inahhe�. dO O�esod bm alsecnrrdvco eeomwt mirepterhaahs nne ed nsy sieimcm vaapedtls eamep lo eorcgepotu efreor o bcsjecepoEctpabtfiecysovshtv re.t ho helke uan mmcoeaow tnleteutadhroigela neh o s ac sa te ds, �nculdintgh ec onstructainodon p eratioofna ncillaerqyu ipment
•
casubhciac�lelets �snl�.egol�p ne,g tt dohiet afx tiflphcoeuislthvet io iolsetfu sen m leweewisfs l icleeot nlpoadeoi bs tfl ots elbh i esrm eeiratavd,nae tdttwro ioi e ot txnahct c oeknnhlfdtieih s de e onfc e
xi
Prfeaec
Voulme3 :O pne aGnldo buClulasrt ers
tbeehoevlyuTo lhot de��:eof tYwlnfa:ero dY k:�t O�nschn acrelgdlbeal iooosme sanufb cdadtl al ms e alse oscsrlrtuirltt aoea-s lsefucortt ptc lsbhseteoseje nOca.mtr. rpt cHnh seecs ooeoc mo wvhuv ltpeeeesrrarirhat,ie antnve ntaddie ra hhr lsssaienyy vo t voe ohrnreuaml iots niiuootgcnclmrt anaeteiihub res ensmos h t
ttouhhreatm G gaaorle� Yaso·Ck d tistotna htevt ehrabtythe egmniyaiy n nbgeovs firg uatlalalfxyfory mr-aetoeif to hanneg,d rs amotveotai oifn al
fiedl oft heG aalx.y
FOth�eam ateuro bserr tvheepyr senetn ot onvleyr dyif ferevnistul a
oapspenec �sb�turte samls ayo ro tefueqinebr evd eifrdfyciif uflettro sem penehrattoa dtofserf oo btmehs rebvt acaigkrooTnuh.ne d
tr_�iled' butt heayr eg eenrlalye sayt or eoslve:d rawianttg h e
:e� scoep howe,vg erreastk li landp ateincaer er euiqni retdop ruocde an
aC:raet; eprseenattoin. Globuclulasrt earrseu sulalyc osnpciuouisn
;earance,b utf or laa rgneum beorf t he,mt her eosultni ointo
�n�sttuietn strasm ayt xa theo besrv'esrvi sula'a cutiyt ot huet msot.
Thei maignatoinm ayw elble s trierdby t hes ihgto fo neo ft he
'rgea'gt lobuclulasrt e-rssu cahs o mea gCenutraio rM 13 i-na llt he
gloroyf i tmsyr iads tras:th eo pecnul stehrasv aem oraees htetic
apepla,an dn otev etnh efi nseta stornocmlai phtoorgapchna doj uiscte
tot hper simtaibce uatyo ft he bdloeu-ucslrt ienP esreu(sha ndc hi
Per)so erit he' eJwelB oxi'n C ruaxs s eeni ne vetnh me osmto dseto f
amateutrle espceo.s
Thsiv olupmreoi vdeasm orteh ana deuqaet hisotircla andt heoircela t
backgrfooru ndtr heeda ert oa pperctieat hei mporancte ofb oht classes
ofs tra-ucslteirnts h re idifferaesnottnr ocmlai asepct.E sxeprt
guidcanei sg iveinnt hes eelctiloonct,ai no andc lsasiicftaino of
objtesic ne cahf iel,dan d as eiranl ievro lmue,su suelfh intasre
priovdeodno besrvitncegh niqanude r ecdoirn.gI na ddtiioan s elected
caatloguei ne cahc lsasc,mo plteew ith� umerofuiesl dd rwaigns,h as
bene coimplefdr oomb esrvtaiomnadse b y bmeemrosf t hWee bSbo iceyt
oevrt hyee ras.O besrvse rwifliln tdh si ani vnaluabaliedt o
reocgniitonf omran yo fth em or'eid ffilcut'o bjsec,ant d au suelf
�mparsionf ort heionrw obesrvaotn.isA ltotgheersm,oe 2 50 opne
�u �sesr(167 oft hewmit h wdirgnas)an d 63g lboulacrul srtse( 5w3it h
rWan1gs) arei nucdled.
Almostt hew holeo ft het etxh asb ene wrtitne itnh si insntcaeby
hEWadmidUs C �OdBra- dr�on1eatr,w ehdtoha emsD an iryed ece-tospoyfkr o btNshevueeiblr nasgaec n mhdCee ulussnd rteesrSk teeacnwt oirolnd,
as: d�Y am uemhgtbemsranos i ftsm h aneWif eesbStbto hecryito.uI gnath dhodwetuih itoo lEonedf,Bt ahsir vk'oeSlsru kmlwie el:
arei n eedf otruanteth at tslauectnhsa reg viens ou nsitntgiln.y
gra�tW��eth tha lelc o outnrprb uirutooicdnto nifso, ou rPtu Ehbdectli toaiwoirins Oshs fe itfcora ec,Ek dnldeoediM wgoewo it,rh e
u
xiii
whoh ask epat w atculha fnde pxerety e aolnls tgaes ofp rerpaatoni
oft hsiv olum.e
Wee xetndo urt hnaksa lsot oR idley EnsloJwr ,.P redsneito f
EnsloPwu bslhires,f ohri s enuthsaisctM is. uprptoi no urp ulbishing
actiiitve,san d espelcliyfa ohri s guidancea nde xpretsiei nt he
rperoudctino oft heal li-pmornttaf ieldd rawiinngt shs i andp reovusi
volmues.
Finall,yw ew isht oe xrpestsoP rosfoserH eln eSwayeHro gg our
depe grattiudfeo rd oinusg tshgniea lh onooufra ccpetnigt he
deidctaino oft hsi volmuea,n df or gseon erocunostlrbyiut inag
forerwd.aH ere mniencei na stron,oe msypaelcliiyn t hef ieldo f
globuclulasrtr eobesrvtaino anda naylticla reesrac,hi si ntneairtnoali
acknloewdegda,s i sh era bdiign intesrtie na nde ncouragoefmm aneyn;t
thea cvtiitieosfam ateura strnoomer.s
xiv
1
INTROOND.U CTI
GENERAL
aaaTqpioctuPhpoannbbee:etetrrhelstTi o�dtitmbi ai:ene hriOihetfuiuaeeec:efsdd e �e� ae eirfrr o, eaato�S�rrennd r er fmtssern f. Iasveso cetaa t o zgidb f ifiewboe hnngaow ei ebi m so;eebsitndiyr lhaov clnebu attv,s n a s netos ciebbhe tjtdw aeegrt k uadetluouo ehlhcvetlraveerrte min nsftaeoaeiecoa l,endeaagad.rhx anpnssofte rqIh trxe lhsoa truiedcstp iesuathi e0inr tamtshodafme e eolvv emi,rso -m cca eny es nsn.aie usano i wo� ootl qatO ,s s rdm fornsshuodaeaalmi �phf o ti f gneelinafexltnylsvpoittfoieurt rt nc, ramIlhhdiiy ioshe ec bexahem f aptoe touedcnim t i,oj8htses ao bw fwetnoasifapsn eah e,tre om trtcmssoen ftcaqc vait1vua eeoeohrr tdihttma·u-anl ioeln6m todm b f h nw.e a yelasnrdehf eeoahan nenrnu et s rhnecccsgca h nieee lo a r dl
o� e ravtni,noo o nweh hosa a ccteoas1 s-6 icnhwu olwdil nligly
:utrotn h ues oefa n8 -nhic.B eartihniignsm i,ni dti s
�e:rfeowroer itlhrewe hailntighz daetes pko-yb jtesdc oei xsitn
whcihah ipgeh rceonfit nafagoteri cmoabnne o batinweidtt hhe
usoefr elealtiyin vesxipivesnenrtu menot,naa ntmdiso tof t he
prnetvs oeliuscm oern ncweedi tshuo cbhej cst.
Int hfei eolfvd i soubeasrlv aotfsia torcnu l sert,st hoesb rever
isc ontferwdoi notbhej cttahs,t i na l ragneu mobfec ra seexsh,i bit
ac oindselreaa mubonotfd eit.laE veqnui stamelt lle epsecasor e
oapaobffl ulel yr evsionnlugem srbo fo pecunlts esr,w himlaen y
glboulcaltrue swrisal lllwo a tla espte riprhseeorloauntlt ob i e
obta,ai nnidena dn umobfec ra steolstr aseolounit si otrhdee r.
Wistuhmc ohhr oplboegyi rnegl ateiavtseoydl eeytr m,is nater
olusmtaelyre sgm itateibleys atiodo utrandkep e-oysot kbhjere cts
int hceo ntoefr xetst oilooufnc otnistupreastn.t
Unlmiaknneey lb auaen gda lea,sox piaenngd lb oulcaultrs earrse
(whii netvilteea xbcesp)nt oiotobe njtcst hpartsne ete xetmre
proebsmli nl ocna.gIt nid,em eadneyxp amlaebso wuhnedvr ies ual
obesrtviawolinlr e vaenoa bljt te hccaatwn el l-ndiogmhi intast e
i�tliafcriu e,wl hdeearasp hoogtroafpt hhr ee gwiioatnl h a rge
�e socpien ecarsfeises latdrd sitriibotunots uanc he xttehnatt
tec lu setrm erstg oael ragdee grweiett hhfe ei l.d
Aistlo� �v�Ceo et orftlh ew chiea hhl tiosaes,smo ra k ftny alhd prs ae grae neet lu isevmooeocobfnnlofec tbue rl njmttc uueesnsmi.r oopbs sstfleo s ht orwueot ncicdnut nlhC sh oteee lris
WhseeaVlee ct �oennoo f sbo retevh,reaw sdni abdlpe lfp oieuniatn nrhtdc eh al Ale tito aos gusfaee td tcidioiwonhonsibaa ljt lees c.
wlehla_v� e ned�aouerdt oa chiaenav deet qebu aalabnectewt ehmeeon r e
lesser_�wonwo nbJbu ettosc tf htemaeqatlnuno laisybyrne vtsseea tnrrrigacee ql tuurteassewid.ni ,ta hnd
oPtheep�iOntribcs oel rblua:uCerv rrts� �lvpl. egnn oat vfrio.bi mbeT laefjhcsyuiiit pnts iwodhm lnhe estl iltrucvhgasheiesrt snpyatte e vhadnnivit ggtdosi ro l ,ewutw aaapmhhtr aeeetedor rhrsftee
OnQecntrat ee dsrt a oaerpl rarirdmigeatlegrhy uepe per ot onhsv oeeoifa bne f jtcce.esoIw bn seteseawrrtnhvh doea rvse
2
3
GeneIrnatulrc ootndi. PAROENT : OPEN CLUSTERS.
dertmeinacatpnir oocndeq u uatlaitainvcdeo mpsriervheeelts nsu
ino sbrevataitsornmoa,ynla o nhdo peftuhrleel tsyuss l eotu int
MoTwkDaAaatckuhfhiascwsthwDswphne oinv oa eheahPforRrso fldiwr tleaviufiAtoeuw eldiehls ieakrch tlryhspelc y n Ae dvxentoodeltaeeepneeaJ cmgas apr hdidwn.areolss snldstoou ltrtre ba t ort nn eegtiAhccnoihfyorutornia ooaees lnhatgtweion taf mgb bopmmrd tte nueiSsr i lauebeictae chxh edla onuono jtnclochcvoaaitits lcctsgbsybt asw oh fnnshe rct ie eau Aol ilut dkve vhlawewrinlpwR t cuthsese aaesatins1dapaaoemahesr dtt Uu sm ytes re saytryet u Go innn ov hia n naos spatrngoidscdfe ddsl ptlheue lcvneeltorbci iRclte ttleseelsrrrhyxaCaGtoseih eeOhlnl rat a ua d tsoutysste,r alawobHasssotnlsilay rc eheds eirgua swukopAolemtn. lv1aeat Y . eee.reelcewite cr rerat0to rae sl sssnon absi dngys nicIrt ,e dohy SaodbCccctS( llpIesshySsuutt llce!rssictTuutebrripchttesseeeani�orRrrsvf)a s eamseC!1t)ttrtsnyani ), �iesro.snO la sAuPfw.nts dh eREont ml elt�tL pVIoihs lfl naeoodaEW!is hh ere eee.'d� ixef'teet tt i�eu r bemlltr c1am � (hrhhhn es st:uoy ilht p anoy:iteean h, haluesae cdm gh sr(adas stPbrnl,oP:�eheeelagaves elegve te rt uveilrn'eodeowieosheissr tet Htwodc ciefn rlcite,,smoshbnsyt ualifhraga onh oanceee 'apaoyloaoee dlp e,fll iPanrectt disfseutboCw lwes l u)rdenlhhrne t ,deoure P 'ce soawid c eaa-gse sdmBv tlnotenneeo tsuC l r)a ee edenesff fo1rl gnsnanii �arr1i bsareeoo1ibeyiedkt(ssecdau1t,,t rep ures sdee·bmaw nMte(di0lh esermdeerT lv osar7hscaebnoste o nsd rt oat.s tee use srt loo vrubguh r fauiiuuteudye uoenentbdee y sr' cil d .e oe n i
HCaonmtemdt.eifb ooaorr k seaergrcahn ttoa iidnt hceo mpiolfta htiisof niT bertP soret eanr tp sato ishoreten mxr oei,rAs loSt fuet,f nhw Aiceh,n.e io d nar bNoomeuAueblD9,tdaa 5 , aslw4 olat ish� et ed
th'en eabeou'flp o tleanmdya ddtehd1e 1 tatseltrei wsihcm h
indcel4suan d5 V ulpe,ac nuwdlh aihecabhse cwoemlel -aksn own
'Brcihosi'c'u lstHeear sl.oi nlcudtehdse t calrtu esarround
.
omicVreolno( rl2ue93m 1. O )tehrf alcsleu sotfve arrs1k 0iUnSd s
wearded ientd h setr ca taalsoo gfUu leuBgehang hdT ycBhrhoa,e
buwti tthhae d voeftn htte e leisnct ohhpeae n odfGs a l,iw lee o
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