Weapons and Ammunition Safety Manual H VAS-E

251 Pages·2002·2.16 MB·English

Swedish Defence Materiel Administration
0 To our Foreign
Reader
1 Introduction
2 Safety activities and
requirements com-
mon to all materiel
3 Methodology
Weapons and Ammunition
Safety Manual
4 Weapons
5 Ammunition
6 Definitions
7 References
Stock name: H VAS-E
8 Checklists
Stock number: M7762-000242
Approved: FMV:Inspectorate
Edition: 2000
Central storage: Armed Forces book and form store
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Foreword
This Weapons and Ammunition Safety Manual supersedes previous editions of
the Ammunition Safety Manual (FMV Amsäkhandbok 1990).
The Ammunition Safety Manual contained a chapter on ammunition safety
methods. As such methodology is a core feature and shall be applied to all safety
work concerning materiel and systems this chapter has been excluded from the
current manual as it was found to be more appropriate to incorporate a method-
ology chapter in the Armed Forces’ System Safety Manual (H SystSäkE). Both
manuals are co-ordinated and are designed to be used together. This Weapons
and Ammunition Safety Manual should thus be used as a complement to the
System Safety Manual.
Comments on the Weapons and Ammunition Safety Manual will be gratefully
received and should be submitted to
FMV: Inspectorate, SE-115 88 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Content
0 To our Foreign Reader ...........................................................................15
0.1 Purpose of this chapter ...................................................................15
0.2 Defence Materiel Systems Procurement .......................................15
0.3 About the manual ...........................................................................15
1 Introduction ..............................................................................................17
1.1 General .............................................................................................17
1.2 Instructions for use .........................................................................20
1.3 Weapons and ammunition safety ..................................................21
1.3.1 General ..................................................................................21
1.3.2 Concepts ................................................................................23
1.4 Objectives for safety activities .......................................................25
1.4.1 General ..................................................................................25
1.4.2 Peacetime and wartime ..........................................................25
1.4.3 Integration of safety work with other activities .....................25
1.5 Weapons and ammunition safety activities at FMV ....................25
1.6 Weapons and ammunition safety activities at interacting
authorities ........................................................................................26
1.7 Weapons and ammunition safety activities at manufacturers ...26
2 Safety activities and requirements common to all materiel .................27
2.1 General .............................................................................................27
2.2 Safety activity requirements ..........................................................28
2.3 Requirements common to all materiel ..........................................32
2.4 Checklist for safety activities and requirements common to
all materiel .......................................................................................34
3 Methodology .............................................................................................35
3.1 General .............................................................................................35
3.2 Supplement to safety requirements in the TTFO ........................35
3.2.1 Purpose ..................................................................................35
3.2.2 Responsibility ........................................................................36
3.2.3 Time frame ............................................................................36
3.2.4 Activity description ...............................................................36
3.3 Supplement to requirements in Request for Proposal (RFP) .....37
3.3.1 Purpose ..................................................................................37
3.3.2 Responsibility ........................................................................37
3.3.3 Time frame ............................................................................37
3.3.4 Activity description ...............................................................38
3.4 Supplement to manufacturer’s Safety Requirements
Proposed (SRP) ...............................................................................39
3.4.1 Purpose ..................................................................................39
3.4.2 Responsibility ........................................................................39
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3.4.3 Time frame ............................................................................40
3.4.4 Activity description ...............................................................40
3.4.4.1 Manufacturer’s internal safety requirements ..........40
3.5 Supplement to Preliminary Hazard List (PHL) ...........................41
3.5.1 Purpose ..................................................................................41
3.5.2 Responsibility ........................................................................41
3.5.3 Time frame ............................................................................41
3.5.4 Activity description ...............................................................42
3.6 Obtaining advice from advisory groups .......................................43
3.6.1 Purpose ..................................................................................43
3.6.2 Responsibility ........................................................................43
3.6.3 Time frame ............................................................................43
3.6.4 Activity description ...............................................................44
3.6.4.1 Advisory group tasks and areas of responsibility,
and checklists for reviews .......................................44
3.6.4.1.1 Advisory Group for Fuzing systems ....45
3.6.4.1.2 Advisory Group for Explosives ...........46
3.6.4.1.3 Advisory Group for Warheads and
Propulsion Devices ..............................48
3.7 Safety testing ...................................................................................50
3.7.1 Purpose ..................................................................................50
3.7.2 Responsibility ........................................................................50
3.7.3 Time frame ............................................................................50
3.7.4 Activity description ...............................................................50
3.8 Test directives for safety surveillance ...........................................52
3.8.1 Purpose ..................................................................................52
3.8.2 Responsibility ........................................................................52
3.8.3 Time frame ............................................................................53
3.8.4 Activity description ...............................................................53
3.9 Proposed Handling, Storage and Transport Regulations
(PHST) .............................................................................................53
3.9.1 Purpose ..................................................................................53
3.9.2 Responsibility ........................................................................54
3.9.3 Time frame ............................................................................54
3.9.4 Activity description ...............................................................54
3.9.4.1 Background .............................................................54
3.9.4.2 Subdivision of materiel publications .......................55
4 Weapons ....................................................................................................57
4.1 General .............................................................................................57
4.1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................57
4.1.2 Structure of chapter ...............................................................57
4.1.3 Purpose of the requirements ..................................................57
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4.1.4 Risks and system safety .........................................................58
4.2 Common requirements ...................................................................60
4.2.1 Requirements of International Law .......................................60
4.2.2 General requirements ............................................................60
4.2.2.1 Danger area .............................................................61
4.2.2.2 Safety of friendly forces ..........................................62
4.2.3 Toxic substances ....................................................................64
4.2.4 Electrical and magnetic fields ...............................................66
4.2.5 Water and moisture resistance ...............................................67
4.2.6 Extreme climatic conditions ..................................................67
4.2.7 Fire .........................................................................................68
4.2.8 Blast pressure ........................................................................69
4.2.9 Backblast ...............................................................................69
4.2.10 Vibration dose .......................................................................70
4.2.11 Pressure .................................................................................70
4.2.12 Forces ....................................................................................70
4.2.12.1 General ....................................................................70
4.2.12.2 Requirements ..........................................................71
4.2.12.2.1 Springs (gas or mechanical) .................71
4.2.12.2.2 Hydraulics and pneumatics ..................72
4.2.12.2.3 Recoil forces ........................................72
4.2.12.2.4 Additional requirements ......................73
4.2.13 Lasers .....................................................................................74
4.2.14 Stability – mechanical ...........................................................74
4.2.15 Transport ...............................................................................75
4.2.15.1 General ....................................................................75
4.2.15.2 Requirements ..........................................................76
4.2.15.2.1 Requirements to prevent fall-back .......76
4.2.15.2.2 Installation aspects ...............................76
4.3 System requirements ......................................................................77
4.3.1 Launchers ..............................................................................77
4.3.1.1 Weapon installation ................................................77
4.3.1.2 Recoil systems ........................................................78
4.3.1.2.1 General .................................................78
4.3.1.2.2 Breech mechanisms .............................79
4.3.1.2.3 Firing mechanisms ...............................79
4.3.1.2.4 Breech ring ...........................................81
4.3.1.2.5 Obturation ............................................81
4.3.1.2.6 Backflash .............................................81
4.3.1.2.7 Barrels and sub-calibre barrels ............82
4.3.1.2.8 Fume extractors ....................................84
4.3.1.2.9 Muzzle brakes, flame guards and
recoil amplifiers ...................................84
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4.3.1.2.10 Muzzle flash .........................................85
4.3.1.2.11 Sub-calibre barrels and sub-calibre
adapters ................................................85
4.3.1.2.12 Ramming ..............................................86
4.3.1.2.13 Recoil buffers .......................................86
4.3.1.3 Recoilless weapon and rocket systems ...................87
4.3.1.3.1 General .................................................87
4.3.1.3.2 Requirements .......................................88
4.3.1.4 Composite and compound barrels ...........................89
4.3.1.5 Other weapon systems ............................................90
4.3.1.5.1 Minelayers for landmines .....................90
4.3.1.5.2 Minelayers for naval mines and
depth charges ........................................91
4.3.1.5.3 Launch tubes for torpedoes ..................91
4.3.2 Pylons and dispensers ............................................................93
4.3.3 Weapon platforms .................................................................94
4.3.4 Hatches and doors ..................................................................95
4.3.5 Sighting and laying systems ..................................................96
4.3.5.1 General ....................................................................96
4.3.5.2 Requirements ..........................................................96
4.3.5.2.1 System accuracy ...................................96
4.3.5.2.2 Sight tests and adjustments ..................96
4.3.5.2.3 Firing ....................................................97
4.3.5.2.4 Aiming and firing limitations ...............97
4.3.6 Guidance systems ..................................................................97
4.3.7 Miscellaneous requirements ................................................100
4.3.7.1 Pressure vessels .....................................................100
4.3.7.2 Lifting devices .......................................................100
4.3.7.3 Fire-fighting equipment ........................................100
4.4 Requirement checklist for weapons ............................................102
5 Ammunition ............................................................................................113
5.1 Joint ammunition requirements ..................................................113
5.1.1 General ................................................................................113
5.1.2 Requirements of International Law .....................................114
5.1.3 Materiel specific requirements ............................................114
5.1.4 Checklist for joint ammunition requirements ......................116
5.2 Warheads .......................................................................................118
5.2.1 General ................................................................................118
5.2.1.1 Description ............................................................118
5.2.1.2 Materiel environment ............................................119
5.2.1.3 Requirements ........................................................120
5.2.2 Warheads containing high explosive (HE) ..........................122
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5.2.2.1 HE warheads for tube-launched ammunition .......122
5.2.2.2 HE warheads for rockets and guided missiles ......124
5.2.2.3 HE warheads for bombs ........................................125
5.2.2.4 HE warheads for landmines ..................................126
5.2.2.5 HE warheads for large underwater ammunition ...127
5.2.2.6 HE warheads for other ammunition ......................129
5.2.3 Pyrotechnic warheads ..........................................................130
5.2.3.1 General ..................................................................130
5.2.3.2 Requirements ........................................................132
5.2.3.3 Pyrotechnic warheads for tube-launched
ammunition ...........................................................132
5.2.3.4 Pyrotechnic warheads for rockets and bombs .......134
5.2.3.5 Other pyrotechnic warheads .................................134
5.2.4 Other warheads ....................................................................135
5.2.5 Requirement checklist for warheads ...................................136
5.3 Propulsion systems ........................................................................138
5.3.1 General ................................................................................138
5.3.1.1 Description of function .........................................139
5.3.1.2 Safety aspects ........................................................139
5.3.1.3 Materiel environment ............................................140
5.3.1.4 Joint requirements .................................................141
5.3.2 Propulsion devices in tube-launched ammunition ...............142
5.3.2.1 General ..................................................................142
5.3.2.1.1 Safety aspects .....................................144
5.3.2.1.2 Requirements .....................................145
5.3.3 Propulsion devices and gas generators in rockets,
guided missiles, unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAVs),
torpedoes, etc. ......................................................................145
5.3.3.1 General ..................................................................145
5.3.3.2 Propellant rocket engines and propellant gas
generators ..............................................................146
5.3.3.3 Liquid fuel rocket engines and liquid gas
generators ..............................................................149
5.3.3.4 Jet engines .............................................................150
5.3.3.4.1 General ...............................................150
5.3.3.4.2 Requirements .....................................151
5.3.3.5 Ram rocket engines ...............................................152
5.3.3.5.1 General ...............................................152
5.3.3.6 Propulsion devices for torpedoes ..........................153
5.3.3.6.1 Requirements .....................................154
5.3.4 Requirement checklist for propulsion devices ....................154
5.4 Fuzing systems for warheads and propelling charges ...............157
5.4.1 Introduction .........................................................................157
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5.4.1.1 General ..................................................................157
5.4.1.2 Materiel environment ............................................162
5.4.1.2.1 Mechanical stress ...............................162
5.4.1.2.2 Physical and chemical stress ..............163
5.4.1.3 Technical solutions ...............................................164
5.4.1.3.1 Electrical subsystems .........................164
5.4.1.4 Other fuzing systems .............................................167
5.4.1.4.1 Fuzing systems for explosives etc. .....167
5.4.1.4.2 Demolition devices (such as plastic
explosives, demolition sticks, Bangalore
torpedoes and linear charges) .............167
5.4.1.4.3 Signal and spotting agents ..................167
5.4.1.4.4 Hand-grenades ...................................168
5.4.1.4.5 Mine counter-blasting charges and
explosive cutters .................................168
5.4.1.4.6 Self-destruction ..................................168
5.4.1.4.7 Submunitions .....................................168
5.4.1.4.8 Multi-purpose ammunition ................169
5.4.1.4.9 Tandem systems .................................169
5.4.1.4.10 Propulsion devices .............................169
5.4.2 General requirements ...........................................................170
5.4.2.1 Common requirements ..........................................170
5.4.2.2 Electro Explosive Devices (EEDs) .......................172
5.4.2.3 The arming process ...............................................173
5.4.2.4 Arming safety features including semiconductor
switches .................................................................174
5.4.2.5 Application specific requirements ........................174
5.4.2.6 Testing ...................................................................176
5.4.2.7 Neutralisation, deactivation, recovery and
disposal ..................................................................177
5.4.2.8 Requirements of International Law .......................177
5.4.3 Requirements for systems with interrupters ........................178
5.4.3.1 Design requirements .............................................178
5.4.3.2 Testing interrupters ...............................................178
5.4.4 Requirements for systems without interrupters ...................179
5.4.5 Requirements for fuzing systems with non-conforming
functions ..............................................................................180
5.4.5.1 Fuzing systems where unique, application specific,
environmental factors are not available ................180
5.4.5.2 Signal and spotting agents .....................................180
5.4.5.3 Initiation devices and demolition charges .............181
5.4.5.4 Propulsion devices ................................................182
5.4.6 Requirement checklist for fuzing systems ...........................182
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