Wavelength Division Multiplexing: A Practical Engineering Guide

430 Pages·2013·17.531 MB·English

by  Klaus Grobe, Michael Eiselt

WAVELENGTH
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
P&Aoptics_P&Aoptics.qxd 8/21/2013 12:00 PM Page 1
WILEY SERIES IN PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS
Founded by Stanley S. Ballard, University of Florida
EDITOR: Glenn Boreman, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
WAVELENGTH
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
A Practical Engineering Guide
KLAUS GROBE
MICHAEL EISELT
Copyright # 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Grobe,Klaus.
Wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing:apracticalengineeringguide/Klaus
Grobe,MichaelEiselt.–1stedition.
pagescm.–(Wiley-OSAseriesonopticalcommunication;1)
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-62302-2(hardback)
1. Wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing. I. Eiselt,Michael. II. Title.
TK5103.592.W38G762013
621.382016–dc23
2013017946
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xi
1 IntroductiontoWDM 1
1.1 WDMTheory, 1
1.2 HistoryofWDM, 2
References, 4
2 OpticalFiberEffects 7
2.1 LinearEffects, 7
2.1.1 Attenuation, 8
2.1.1.1 IntrinsicLoss, 8
2.1.1.2 FiberBendingLoss, 9
2.1.1.3 Polarization-DependentLoss, 11
2.1.2 ChromaticDispersion, 11
2.1.3 Polarization-ModeDispersion, 16
2.1.3.1 PMDandDGD, 16
2.1.3.2 PMDinRecirculatingLoops, 23
2.1.3.3 Real-WorldFiberPlantPMDAudits, 23
2.2 NonlinearFiberEffects, 25
2.2.1 KerrEffects, 25
2.2.1.1 Self-PhaseModulation, 29
2.2.1.2 Cross-PhaseModulation, 34
2.2.1.3 Cross-PolarizationModulation, 36
2.2.1.4 Four-WaveMixing, 37
2.2.1.5 ModulationInstability, 43
v
vi CONTENTS
2.2.1.6 NonlinearPhaseNoise, 43
2.2.2 ScatteringEffects, 46
2.2.2.1 StimulatedRamanScattering, 46
2.2.2.2 BrillouinScattering, 49
References, 51
3 ComponentsandSubsystems 55
3.1 Transmitters, 55
3.1.1 LaserDiodes, 55
3.1.1.1 PrincipleofDiodeLasers, 55
3.1.1.2 Fabry–P(cid:1)erotLaserDiodes, 62
3.1.1.3 DistributedFeedbackandDistributedBraggReflector
LaserDiodes, 63
3.1.1.4 Vertical-CavitySurface-EmittingLasers, 64
3.1.1.5 TunableLaserDiodes, 64
3.1.2 ExternalModulators, 70
3.1.2.1 ElectroabsorptionModulators, 71
3.1.2.2 Electro-OpticModulators, 74
3.1.2.3 ReflectiveSemiconductorOpticalAmplifiers, 77
3.1.3 Direct-ModulationTechniques, 80
3.1.3.1 DirectlyModulatedLaser, 80
3.1.3.2 Dispersion-SupportedTransmission, 81
3.1.3.3 Chirp-ManagedLaser, 82
3.2 TransmissionLine, 84
3.2.1 Single-ModeFiberTypes, 84
3.2.2 NovelandSpecialtyFibers, 87
3.2.2.1 Few-ModeFibers, 87
3.2.2.2 MulticoreFibers, 88
3.2.2.3 PolymerOpticalFibers, 89
3.2.2.4 PCFandPBGFibers, 89
3.2.3 Fiber-OpticCables, 91
3.2.4 OpticalAmplifiers, 93
3.2.4.1 EDFAsandOtherRare-Earth-DopedFiber
Amplifiers, 94
3.2.4.2 RamanAmplifiers, 100
3.2.4.3 SemiconductorOpticalAmplifiers, 101
3.2.5 DispersionCompensation, 104
3.2.5.1 Dispersion-CompensatingFibers, 105
3.2.5.2 ChirpedFiberGratings, 107
3.2.5.3 Self-PhaseModulation(SolitonEffect), 109
3.2.5.4 TODC, 110
3.2.6 PassiveWDMFiltersandCouplers, 111
3.2.6.1 FusedCouplers, 112
3.2.6.2 Thin-FilmFilters, 114
CONTENTS vii
3.2.6.3 ArrayedWaveguideGratings, 115
3.2.6.4 FiberBraggGratings, 118
3.2.6.5 Interleavers(Mach–ZehnderInterferometer), 119
3.2.6.6 TunableFilters, 120
3.2.6.7 WavelengthSwitchingDevices, 125
3.2.7 ROADMsandOXCs, 129
3.2.7.1 ROADMStructures, 129
3.2.7.2 MultidegreeWSS, 130
3.2.7.3 OpticalCross-Connects, 133
3.3 Receivers, 135
3.3.1 Photodiodes, 135
3.3.1.1 PINPhotodiodes, 135
3.3.1.2 AvalanchePhotodiodes, 137
3.3.2 ElectronicAmplifiers, 139
3.3.2.1 TIA, 139
3.3.2.2 LimitingAmplifier, 142
3.3.3 PluggableTransceiversforWDM, 143
3.4 DigitalElectronics, 146
3.4.1 SERDES, 146
3.4.1.1 Serializer, 147
3.4.1.2 Deserializer, 148
3.4.2 ForwardErrorCorrection, 150
3.4.2.1 FECBasics, 151
3.4.2.2 CyclicCodes, 153
3.4.2.3 CodeConcatenationandIterativeDecoding, 155
3.4.3 ElectronicDistortionCompensation, 158
References, 162
4 Nonfiber-RelatedEffects 177
4.1 LinearCrossTalk, 177
4.2 NoiseinOpticalTransmissionSystems, 181
4.2.1 NoiseinOpticalReceivers, 182
4.2.2 ReceiverSensitivities, 186
4.2.3 NoiseFiguresandOSNRinOpticalAmplifier
Chains, 187
References, 193
5 ModulationFormatsForWDM 197
5.1 BasicModulation, 197
5.2 PulseShaping, 202
5.3 ModulationFormats, 206
5.3.1 AmplitudeModulation, 207
5.3.1.1 On–OffKeying(OOK), 207
viii CONTENTS
5.3.1.2 DetailedDerivationofOSNRTolerance
ofDirectlyDetectedOOK, 209
5.3.1.3 MultilevelAmplitudeModulation, 213
5.3.2 PhaseModulation, 215
5.3.2.1 Phase-ShiftKeying, 215
5.3.2.2 DPSKwithDirectDetection, 216
5.3.2.3 (D)XPSK, 218
5.3.3 QAM-CombinedAmplitudeandPhaseModulation, 220
5.3.4 OpticalNoiseToleranceofMultilevelModulationFormats, 221
5.3.5 PartialResponseSignaling, 224
5.3.5.1 OpticalDuobinary, 224
5.3.5.2 HigherOrderandQuadraturePartialResponse, 228
5.3.6 Frequency-ShiftKeying, 229
5.3.7 PolarizationModulationandInterleaving, 230
5.4 CoherentIntradyneDual-PolarizationQAMDetection, 231
5.5 OpticalOFDM, 240
5.6 ComparisonofModulationFormats, 243
References, 247
6 SystemRealization 253
6.1 AccessNetworks, 253
6.1.1 CWDMAccessandBackhaul, 254
6.1.2 PassiveWDM, 256
6.1.3 PONsandOpticalAccessNetworks, 257
6.1.4 WDM-PON, 259
6.1.4.1 WDM-PONwithTunableLasersandLaser
Arrays, 261
6.1.4.2 WDM-PONwithSeededReflective
Transmitters, 266
6.1.4.3 CoherentUDWDM-PON, 271
6.1.5 WDM-BasedPONReachAnalysis, 273
6.1.6 WDM-PONDeploymentReference:KT, 276
6.2 CorporateNetworks(StorageReachExtensions), 277
6.2.1 DiskMirroring, 279
6.2.2 MainframeCoupling/ServerConsolidation, 281
6.2.3 Low-LatencyWDMTransport, 286
6.3 WDMTransportEncryption, 287
6.4 MetroandRegionalNetworks, 288
6.4.1 DWDMMetro/RegionalRingNetworks, 288
6.4.2 CapacityinWDMRingNetworks, 291
6.4.3 WavelengthBlockinginWDMRings, 292
6.5 Long-HaulandUltralong-HaulSystems, 294
6.5.1 OpticalDesignChallenge, 294
6.5.2 EngineeringModels, 295
6.5.2.1 OpticalSignal-to-NoiseRatioDegradation, 296