Wavefront Customized Visual Correction: The Quest for Super Vision II

413 Pages·2003·40.308 MB·English

by  Ronald Krueger, Scott MacRae, Raymond Applegate

Wavefront
Customized
Visual Correction
The Quest for Super Vision II
RONALD R. KRUEGER, MD, MSE
Medical Director, Department of Refractive Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland, Ohio
RAYMOND A. APPLEGATE, OD, PHD
Professor and Borish Chair of Optometry
College of Optometry
University of Houston
Houston, Tex
SCOTT M. MACRAE, MD
Director of Refractive Surgery
Professor of Ophthalmology
Professor in the Center for Visual Science
University of Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, NY
An innovative information,education,and management company
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DEDICATION
To the Glory of God through the person of Jesus Christ,
To whom I owe everything, and without whom I am nothing,
He is my life, hope, and joy, now and forever...
....And to my loving mother, Lucie Krueger, God Bless You on your 80th Birthday Year!
Ronald R. Krueger, MD,MSE
I dedicate this book to my father, K. Edwin Applegate, and mother, Elizabeth Dilts Applegate,
for their unwavering love, support, and faith in my ability. Happy 60th anniversary.
Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD
I dedicate this book to my 6-year-old daughter, Morgan, whose energy, curiosity, and creativity will bless the world for many
years to come. To my wife, Abby, whose loving support and thoughtful reflection lift my wings and feed my soul. To my mom,
Bets, whose gentle spirit teaches me grace and appreciation.
Scott M. MacRae, MD
Copyright © 2004 by SLACK Incorporated
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Printed in the United States of America.
Wavefront customized visual corrections : the quest for super vision II
/ [edited by] Ronald R. Krueger, Raymond A. Applegate, Scott M. MacRae.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Customized corneal ablation. c2001.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55642-625-9 (alk. paper)
1. LASIK (Eye surgery) 2. Corneal topography.
[DNLM: 1. Corneal Topography. 2. Cornea--surgery. 3. Ophthalmologic
Surgical Procedures--methods. 4. Refractive Errors--therapy. WW 220
W355 2004] I. Krueger, Ronald R. II. Applegate, Raymond Alan. III.
MacRae, Scott. IV. Customized corneal ablation.
RE336 .W386 2006
617.7'19059--dc22 2003023442
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CONTENTS
Dedication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Section I Introduction
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Wavefront-Guided Visual Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Scott M. MacRae, MD; Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD; and Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Chapter 2 AReview of Basic Wavefront Optics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Austin Roorda, PhD
Chapter 3 How Far Can We Extend the Limits of Human Vision?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
David R. Williams, PhD; Jason Porter, MS; Geunyoung Yoon, PhD; Antonio Guirao, PhD; Heidi Hofer, PhD;
Li Chen, PhD; Ian Cox, PhD; and Scott M. MacRae, MD
Chapter 4 Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing: History and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Howard C. Howland, MS, PhD
Chapter 5 Retinal Imaging Using Adaptive Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Austin Roorda, PhD and David R. Williams, PhD
Section II Wavefront Diagnostics and Standards
Basic Science Section
Chapter 6 Assessment of Optical Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Larry N. Thibos, PhD and Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD
Chapter 7 Assessment of Visual Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD; Gene Hilmantel, OD, MS; and Larry N. Thibos, PhD
Chapter 8 Metrics to Predict the Subjective Impact of the Eye’s Wave Aberration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
David R. Williams, PhD; Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD; and Larry N. Thibos, PhD
Chapter 9 Wavefront Information Sampling, Fitting, and Conversion to a Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Jim Schwiegerling, PhD
Chapter 10 Chromatic Aberration and Its Impact on Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Larry N. Thibos, PhD and Arthur Bradley, PhD
Chapter 11 Optical Quality of the Eye and Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Susana Marcos, PhD; Sergio Barbero, MSc; James S. McLellan, PhD; and Stephen A. Burns, PhD
Chapter 12 Variation in Ocular Aberrations Over Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days, Months, and Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Larry N. Thibos, PhD and Arthur Bradley, PhD
Chapter 13 Accommodation Dynamics and Its Implication on Customized Corrections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Vikentia J. Katsanevaki, MD, PhD; Sophia I. Panagopoulou, PhD; Sotiris Plainis, PhD; Harilaos Ginis, PhD;
and Ioannis Pallikaris, MD, PhD
Chapter 14 The Implications of Pupil Size and Accommodation Dynamics on Customized Wavefront-Guided
Refractive Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Sophia I. Panagopoulou, PhD; Sotiris Plainis, PhD; Scott M. MacRae, MD; and Ioannis Pallikaris, MD, PhD
iv Contents
Clinical Science Section: Commercially Available Wavefront Devices
Chapter 15 Shack-Hartmann Aberrometry: Historical Principles and Clinical Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Maria Regina Chalita, MD and Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Chapter 16 Optimizing the Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Geunyoung Yoon, PhD; Seth Pantanelli, BS; and Scott M. MacRae, MD
Chapter 17 Retinal Imaging Aberrometry: Principles and Application of the Tscherning Aberrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Michael Mrochen, PhD; Mirko Jankov, MD; Hans Peter Iseli, MD; Farhad Hafezi, MD; and Theo Seiler, MD, PhD
Chapter 18 Retinal Imaging Aberrometry: Principles and Applications of the Tracey (Ray Tracing) Aberrometer. . . . . . . 145
Vasyl Molebny, PhD, DSc; Ioannis Pallikaris, MD, PhD; Sergiy Molebny, MSc; and Harilaos Ginis, PhD
Chapter 19 Retinoscopic Double Pass Aberrometry: Principles and Application of the Nidek OPD-Scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Philip M. Buscemi, OD
Chapter 20 Spatially Resolved Refractometry: Principles and Application of the
Emory Vision InterWave Aberrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Jonathan D. Carr, MD, MA, FRCOphth; Henia Lichter, MD; Jose Garcia, BS; R. Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD;
Keith P. Thompson, MD; and P. Randall Staver, MS
Chapter 21 Comparing Wavefront Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Daniel S. Durrie, MD and Erin D. Stahl
Section III Wavefront Customized Corneal Ablation
Basic Science Section
Chapter 22 Physics of Customized Corneal Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
David Huang, MD, PhD
Chapter 23 Technology Requirements for Customized Corneal Ablation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Chapter 24 Eye Tracking and Alignment in Refractive Surgery: Requirements for Customized Ablation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Natalie Taylor, PhD and Winfried Teiwes, Dr Ing
Chapter 25 Wound Healing in Customized Corneal Ablation:Effect on Predictability, Fidelity, and Stability
of Refractive Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Joel A.D. Javier, MD; Puwat Charukamnoetkanok, MD; and Dimitri T. Azar, MD
Clinical Science Section
Chapter 26 Customized Ablation Using the Alcon CustomCornea Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
George H. Pettit, MD, PhD; John A. Campin, BSc; Marguerite B. MacDonald, MD; and Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Chapter 27 Customized Ablation Using the VISX WaveScan System and the VISX S4 ActiveTrak Excimer Laser. . . . . . . 227
Junzhong Liang, PhD and Douglas D. Koch, MD
Chapter 28 Customized Ablation Using the Bausch & Lomb Zyoptix System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Scott M. MacRae, MD; Steven Slade, MD; Daniel S. Durrie, MD; and Ian Cox, PhD
Chapter 29 Customized Corneal Ablation Using the Carl Zeiss Meditec Platform:
CRS-Master, WASCA, TOSCA, MEL70, and MEL80 Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Dan Z. Reinstein, MD, MA(Cantab), FRCSC; Daniel R. Neal, PhD; Hartmut Vogelsang, PhD;
Eckhard Schroeder, PhD; Zoltan Z. Nagy, MD, PhD; Michael Bergt, PhD; James Copland, MS; and Daniel Topa
Chapter 30 The Allegretto Wave: ADifferent Approach to Wavefront-Guided Ablation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Matthias Maus, MD; Arthur Cummings, MBChB, MMed, FCS(SA) FRCSEd; and Stefan Tuess, Dip Eng
Chapter 31 Clinical Results With the Nidek NAVEX Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Arturo Chayet, MD and Harkaran S. Bains
Contents v
Section IV Wavefront Customized Lenses
Chapter 32 Biomaterials for Wavefront Customization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Liliana Werner, MD, PhD; Nick Mamalis, MD; and David J. Apple, MD
Chapter 33 Feasibility of Wavefront Customized Contact Lenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Ian Cox, PhD and Michele Lagana, OD
Chapter 34 Aberration-Correcting Intraocular Lenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Patricia Piers; N.E. Sverker Norrby, PhD; and Ulrich Mester, MD
Chapter 35 The Calhoun Light Adjustable Lens: APostinsertion Method for the Correction of Refractive Errors. . . . . . . 291
Christian A. Sandstedt, PhD; Shiao Chang, PhD; and Daniel M. Schwartz, MD
Section V Nonwavefront Customized Corrections
Basic Science Section
Chapter 36 Corneal Topography and Customized Ablation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Charles E. Campbell, BS
Chapter 37 Combining Corneal and Ocular Wave Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Pablo Artal, PhD
Chapter 38 Combining Vector Planning With Wavefront Analysis to Optimize
Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Noel Alpins, FRACO, FRCOphth, FACS and Leisa Schmid, PhD
Clinical Science Section
Chapter 39 Custom-Contoured Ablation Pattern Method for the Treatment of Irregular Astigmatism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Gustavo E. Tamayo, MD and Mario G. Serrano, MD
Chapter 40 Surgeon-Guided Retreatment of Irregular Astigmatism and Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Gilles Lafond, MD, FRCS(C)
Chapter 41 Customized Visual Correction of Presbyopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Fabrice Manns, PhD; Arthur Ho, MOptom, PhD; and Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
Section VI The Future of Customization
Chapter 42 The Future of Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE; Scott M. MacRae, MD; and Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD
Appendix 1 Optical Society of America Wavefront Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to acknowledge all those who contributed tirelessly to the completion of this book:
To our authors, the experts in their respective fields, who took their time and energy to write yet another book chapter, and yet make it the best
chapter they've ever written,
To our editors at SLACK Incorporated—Amy McShane, Lauren Biddle Plummer, and April Billick—who believed in us and our novel ideas in
compiling this book and its cover, and who kept pushing us to its completion, even when we were past our deadlines,
To my coeditors, Ray and Scott, who each play such a unique role in the editorial process, and who keep challenging me and pushing me to pur-
sue excellence, even when we don't always agree (see the photo on the back cover),
To my Refractive Surgery Clinical Team at CCF, to Amy, Kelly, Ann, Regina, Jenny, Alan, Kim, and Sharon, and to my secretary, Bobbi, for keep-
ing my clinical and professional life organized and running efficiently, so I have time to travel and pursue noble educational goals, such as the writ-
ing of this book!
Finally, to Stephen Trokel, MD, who 20 years ago (December 1983) wrote the first article on excimer laser photoablation of the cornea. Without that
article, his mentorship, and input, I would not have entered into this field in the first place.
Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE
I wish to acknowledge scholars before my time; my mentors, coeditors, colleagues, students, and family; and the financial support of the National
Eye Institute.
My work, like that of others, is built upon the shoulders of scientists and clinicians who took the time to write down their findings and observa-
tions in archival journals for future students to study, learn, and use as a foundation in their own work. I am routinely amazed and embarrassed to
find that my "unique contributions" have already been published. Gerald Westheimer first brought this obvious and often overlooked truth to my
attention. He kindly reminded me that I could save weeks and months of work in the laboratory with an hour or so in the library.
I am fortunate to have had many mentors, a fraction of whom I list here. I thank and acknowledge Lee Guth for taking this green undergraduate
into his lab; Jim Huff for letting me build equipment and participate in his experiments as an undergraduate; Gordon Heath for taking the time to
encourage; and my graduate advisor Tony Adams for providing me academic and scientific freedom uncommon for a graduate student—his contri-
bution to my career is unsurpassed. Thanks also to Russ DeValois for his evening seminars and for expertly modeling critical thinking; Gerald
Westheimer for the one-on-one interactions that gave final root to my love of ocular optics; Jay Enoch for modeling scientific integrity by retracting a
paper; and Bob Massof for offering scientific opportunity and friendship at Wilmer during my early days as an assistant professor when I was starv-
ing for scientific opportunity.
I am honored to be able to work with two exceptionally talented coeditors. I thank and acknowledge Ron Krueger for his creative energy, his abil-
ity to quickly absorb, and his faith in God—it rubs off—and Scott MacRae for balance, insight, and the shared desire to create an academic balance
between clinical and basic science that communicates to both. As editors, we have built the rare trust that withstands disagreements, confrontations,
and the shared joy of accomplishment. It is a treasure I value deeply.
My colleagues, students, and postdoctoral fellows make every day a day of discovery and a scientific challenge. I am compelled to acknowledge
a few individuals and apologize to those I should have listed. I wish to thank and acknowledge Larry Thibos, Arthur Bradley, Howard Howland, Ed
Sarver, Joe Harrison, Wick van Heuven, Gene Hilmantel, Austin Roorda, David Williams, Bill Donnelly, Jason Marsack, and Konrad Pesudovs for
helping to make my scientific life fun and challenging.
I wish to acknowledge my children—Aaron, Ryan, Camille, and Olivia—for their love, support, and faith in my abilities. Most of all I wish to
acknowledge Rachel—my best friend, companion, and the love of my life.
Finally, I acknowledge my grant reviewers and the dedicated people at the National Eye Institute for funding my research efforts through most of
my career, beginning with a postdoctoral fellowship (F32 EY05201), an AREAgrant (R15 EY008005), R01 grant funding (RO1 EY10097 and R01
EY08520), and a CORE grant (P30EYO7551-15) to the College of Optometry. Without this support, it would have been difficult—if not impossible—
to establish the scientific position allowing me to serve as a coeditor.
Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD
I am fortunate to work with many generous and talented individuals who have mentored, supported, and inspired me over the years. I am grate-
ful for the mentorship of Mathew Davis, MD; Hank Edelhauser, PhD; and Fritz Fraundfelder, MD, who nurtured me in my early quest as a clinician
and scientist. Each gave me room to grow in their own unique ways. I'm deeply grateful to Larry Rich, MD, my former partner who I worked with
for 17 years in Oregon at the Casey Eye Institute. Larry introduced me to the field of refractive surgery as well as the works of the great Jose Barrequer,
MD, and taught me the fine art of lamellar surgery.
I have worked with and enjoyed the professional inspiration of many exceptionally talented individuals, including George Waring, MD; Doug Koch,
MD; Dan Durrie, MD; Steve Slade, MD; Marguerite McDonald, MD; Paolo Vinciguerra, MD; Roberto Zaldivar, MD; Arturo Chayet, MD; Howard
Gimbel, MD; Jay Pepose, MD; Cindy Roberts, PhD; and Jim Schwiegerling, PhD. There are many more gifted friends too numerous to mention who
also have enriched my journey in ophthalmology and on a personal level.
I am extremely fortunate to work with the very talented University of Rochester staff of Joseph Stamm, OD; Gary Gagarinas; Gina Crowley; Brenda
Houtenbrink; and Jennifer Anstey, whose careful, diligent hours of hard work and careful observation helped generate important data that thrust the
field forward, while keeping it fun for patients and staff alike. I am also very grateful to be able to work with an exceptionally talented team of basic
scientists, including Jason Porter, MS; Guenyoung Yoon, PhD; Krystal Huxlin, PhD; Ian Cox, PhD; and David Williams, PhD. They are a great scien-
tific team to work with and just a great group of people as well.
I am indebted to Peter Slack for taking a chance and encouraging us to pursue writing the first volume of this book. Who would have guessed
that the field would have exploded so quickly to warrant a second volume of this series? We are lucky to have the thoughtful editing and wonderful
support of Amy McShane, April Billick, and Lauren Biddle Plummer, who have persevered to make this second volume a reality.
I also want to thank my coauthors, Ron Krueger and Ray Applegate, who share their tremendous passion and insight into the field of wavefront
correction of refractive errors that inspires and excites me. I am grateful to all the authors who have taken time from their busy schedules to share
their important observations, the glue that holds this field together. We are indebted to those refractive surgeons who have gone before us and those
who follow in our footsteps. May their path be blessed by the joy I have experienced encountering the many wonderful people mentioned as well as
countless others.
Scott M. MacRae, MD
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Ronald R. Krueger, MD, MSE, is the first of two children born to Arthur and Lucie Krueger, German immigrants and Godly,
Christian parents. He was born in Elizabeth, NJ in 1960, and at a young age committed his life to a relationship with Jesus Christ.
Professionally, Dr. Krueger received his MD degree from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (1987). Prior to
that, he received a BS in Electrical Engineering from Rutgers University and an MSE in Biomedical Engineering from the University
of Washington, Seattle. He completed his ophthalmology residency at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY. He
also completed two fellowships in cornea and refractive surgery from the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Okla and the
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. In 1993, he joined the department of ophthalmology at the University of
Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo where he was an associate professor of ophthalmology. He then joined the Cleveland Clinic
Foundation in 1998 and serves as the medical director of the department of refractive surgery, overseeing a large department of six
surgeons and support staff as well as maintaining his own full schedule of patients. He is on the program planning committee of the
American Academy of Ophthalmology and the International Society of Refractive Surgery and is an associate editor for the Journal
of Refractive Surgery. He is cofounder and organizer of the International Congress on Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free
Refractive Correction. He has 20 years of experience in excimer laser research, and currently is investigating the causes of presbyopia
and restoration of accommodation, as well as wavefront imaging of the eye for customized laser vision correction. He is an interna-
tional lecturer and is widely published.
Raymond A. Applegate, OD, PhD, is the second of four children born to K. Edwin Applegate and Elizabeth Dilts Applegate. He was
born in Bloomington, Ind in 1949 and attended Indiana University from Kindergarten through his Bachelor of Arts (1971), Doctor of
Optometry (1975), and his Master of Science in Physiological Optics (1976). He practiced optometry in Galesburg, Ill before continu-
ing his graduate education in Physiological Optics at the University of California, Berkeley where he received his PhD (1983). Dr.
Applegate joined the University of Texas Health Science Center faculty in 1988 from the School of Optometry, University of
Missouri—St. Louis where he served as an assistant professor of optometry. He rose through the faculty ranks quickly to become a
tenured professor of ophthalmology in 1993. In January 2002, Dr. Applegate joined the College of Optometry at the University of
Houston as Professor and Borish Chair in Optometry to direct the Visual Optics Institute. Dr. Applegate has served on the editorial
board of Optometry and Visual Scienceand currently serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Refractive Surgeryand the Journal
of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. He has been a feature editor on several occasions for the Journal of the Optical Society of America-A,
Applied Optics, Optometry and Vision Science, and the Journal of Refractive Surgery. He is a cofounder of the International Congress on
Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free Refraction Correction, is widely published in leading journals, and is a sought-after consult-
ant and international lecturer whose National Institutes of Health-supported research interests center on the optics of the normal and
clinical eye and early ocular disease detection and prevention.
Scott M. MacRae, MD, did his undergraduate, medical school, and residency program at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He
did three corneal fellowships including a cornea and external disease fellowship and a NEI-sponsored corneal physiology research
training fellowship both at the Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He then did a brief contact lens and light tox-
icity fellowship at Emory University in Atlanta (1983).
In 1983, Dr. MacRae joined the faculty of Oregon Health Sciences University, Casey Eye Institute, in 1983 through 2000. He served
as a panel member and consultant to the FDAOphthalmic Devices Panel from 1986 to 2000, chaired the American Academy of
Ophthalmology Public Health Committee from 1991 to 1994, and ran the American Academy of Ophthalmology Clinical Alert
Program. He was an advisor to the White House in 1993 on two separate panels on health care delivery and served as a congressional
advisor as well.
He has received an Honor Award in 1991 and the Senior Honor Award in 2000 from the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
He has won numerous awards, including the Illinois Society to Prevent Blindness Young Researcher Award, The Kambara Award,
The Amini Award (2003), and The Oregonian Citizen Winners Award. In 2003, he received the Lans Lectureship Award, which is an
international award given to an outstanding young clinician researcher in the field of refractive surgery by the International Society
of Refractive Surgery and the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Author of over 100 published articles and book chapters, Dr. MacRae has turned his attention increasingly to refractive surgery
and the development of new technology. He has spoken at over 300 meetings both in the United States and internationally. He has a
special interest in customized ablation, the biomechanics of laser in-situ keratomileusis, laser subepithelial keratomileusis, astigma-
tism design, and interface keratitis. He has trained hundreds of clinicians, residents, and fellows and has participated and helped lead
several Food and Drug Administration clinical trials in the United States, including the Nidek Oregon Kansas Study and the
University of Rochester Zyoptix Customized Ablation Study. He holds a patent on the excimer laser treatment of astigmatism and
has two other patents pending in the field of laser refractive surgery.
On the editorial board of three ophthalmic journals, he is currently senior associate editor for the Journal of Refractive Surgery, has
coedited three special editions of the Journal of Refractive Surgery, and has chaired numerous international refractive symposiums. He
is senior editor of a best-selling book in ophthalmology, Customized Corneal Ablation: The Quest for SuperVision, which is the first vol-
ume of this series.
In 2000, Dr. MacRae accepted an appointment as Professor of Ophthalmology and Professor of Visual Science at the University of
Rochester, NY, where with the Center for Vision Science at the university and private industry he promotes research and develop-
ment of new refractive surgery techniques and technology.
CONTRIBUTORS
Noel Alpins, FRACO, FRCOphth, FACS Jonathan D. Carr, MD, MA, FRCOphth
Medical Director Emory Vision
New Vision Clinics Atlanta, Ga
Melbourne, Australia
Maria Regina Chalita, MD
David J. Apple, MD Study Coordinator/Research Fellow
John A. Moran Eye Center Cole Eye Institute
University of Utah The Cleveland Clinic
Salt Lake City, Utah Cleveland, Ohio
Pablo Artal, PhD Shiao Chang, PhD
Laboratorio de Optica Calhoun Vision, Inc
Departamento de Física Pasadena, Calif
Universidad de Murcia
Campus de Espinardo (Edificio C) Puwat Charukamnoetkanok, MD
Murcia, Spain Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service
Department of Ophthalmology
Dimitri T. Azar, MD Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service Boston, Mass
Department of Ophthalmology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Arturo Chayet, MD
Boston, Mass Codet Eye Institute
Tijuana, Mexico
Harkaran S. Bains
Nidek Clinical Director Li Chen, PhD
Freemont, Calif Center for Visual Science
University of Rochester
Sergio Barbero, MSc Rochester, NY
Instituto de Optica
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas James Copland, MS
Madrid, Spain Wavefront Sciences
Albuquerque, NM
Michael Bergt, PhD
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG Ian Cox, PhD
Jena, Germany Research Clinic
Bausch & Lomb
Arthur Bradley, PhD Rochester, NY
School of Optometry
Indiana University Arthur Cummings, MBChB, MMed, FCS(SA) FRCSEd
Bloomington, Ind Wellington Ophthalmic Laser Clinic
Dublin, Ireland
Stephen A. Burns, PhD
Schepens Eye Research Institute Daniel S. Durrie, MD
Boston, Mass Clinical Associate Professor
University of Kansas Medical Center
Philip M. Buscemi, OD Durrie Vision
President Kansas City, Kan
Battleground Eye Care
Greensboro, NC Jose Garcia, BS
Vice President/General Manager Emory Vision
Nidek Technologies America Atlanta, Ga
Greensboro, NC
Harilaos Ginis, PhD
Charles E. Campbell, BS University Hospital of Crete
Consultant, Ophthalmic Optics and Instrumentation Department of Ophthalmology
Berkeley, Calif Heraklion, Greece
John A. Campin, BSc
Alcon Orlando Technology Center
Orlando, Fla
Contributors ix
Antonio Guirao, PhD Gilles Lafond, MD, FRCS(C)
Laboratorio de Optica Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval
Departamento de Física Québec City, Canada
Universidad de Murcia
Campus de Espinardo (Edificio C) Michele Lagana, OD
Murcia, Spain Research Clinic
Bausch &Lomb
Farhad Hafezi, MD Rochester, NY
IROC AG, Institut für Refractive und Ophthalmo Chirurgie
Zürich, Switzerland Junzhong Liang, PhD
VISXIncorporated
Gene Hilmantel, OD, MS Santa Clara, Calif
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Devices and Radiological Health Henia Lichter, MD
Office of Device Evaluation Emory Vision
Division of Ophthalmic and Ear, Nose, and Throat Devices Atlanta, Ga
Rockville, Md
Nick Mamalis, MD
Arthur Ho, MOptom, PhD John A. Moran Eye Center
Vision Cooperative Research Center University of Utah
Sydney, Australia Salt Lake City, Utah
Heidi Hofer, PhD Fabrice Manns, PhD
Center for Visual Science Department of Biomedical Engineering
University of Rochester University of Miami College of Engineering
Rochester, NY Coral Gables, Fla
Howard C. Howland, MS, PhD Susana Marcos, PhD
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Instituto de Optica
Cornell University Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Ithaca, NY Madrid, Spain
David Huang, MD, PhD Matthias Maus, MD
Cole Eye Institute VisuMed AG
The Cleveland Clinic Cologne, Germany
Cleveland, Ohio
Marguerite B. MacDonald, MD
Hans Peter Iseli, MD Southern Vision Institute
IROCAG, Institut für Refractive und Ophthalmo Chirurgie New Orleans, La
Zurich, Switzerland
James S. McLellan, PhD
Mirko Jankov, MD Schepens Eye Research Institute
Departamento de Oftalmologia, Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil Boston, Mass
Setor de Bioengenharia, Departamento de Oftalmologia,
Universidade Federal de São Paulo/EPM, Brasil Ulrich Mester, MD
Department of Ophthalmology
Joel A.D. Javier, MD Bundesknappschaft’s Hospital
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service Sulzbach, Germany
Department of Ophthalmology
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Sergiy Molebny, MSc
Boston, Mass National Technical University of Ukraine
Kiev, Ukraine
Vikentia J. Katsanevaki, MD, PhD Tracey Technologies, LLC
University of Crete Medical School Houston, Tex
Vardinoyannion Eye Institute of Crete
Heraklion, Crete, Greece Vasyl Molebny, PhD, DSc
University Hospital of Crete Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the Academy of Techno-
Department of Ophthalmology logical Sciences of Ukraine
Heraklion, Greece Kiev, Ukraine
Douglas D. Koch, MD
Cullen Eye Institute
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Tex