Waveform Design and Diversity for Advanced Radar Systems

574 Pages·2012·14.683 MB·English

by  Fulvio Gini, Antonio De Maio, Lee K. Patton

Radar, Sonar and Navigation Series 22
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The phrase ‘waveform design and diversity’ refers to an area of radar research that Fulvio Gini is Full Professor at
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and estimation, parameter i
is the principle of the fully adaptive system, that is, that the system should respond to ag
estimation and data extraction
dynamic environmental conditions. Third is the principle of measurement diversity as a from multichannel interferometric dn
wanady dtoiv einrcsriteya csoe nscyesptetsm c aronb buest nfoeusns da ndda teinxgp abnadck t htoe tdhees imgnid t-rtawdeen stipeathc ec. eWntauvreyf. oHrmow deevseigr,n SAAnRto dnaitoa. De Maio is an Associate ar an Systems
it has only been in the past decade or so, as academics and practitioners have rushed Professor at the University of Naples Sd
to exploit recent advances in radar hardware component technology, such as arbitrary ‘Federico II’. His research interest y
waveform generation and linear power amplification, that waveform diversity has become lies in the field of statistical signal s D
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a distinct area of research. The purpose of this book is to survey this burgeoning field in processing, with emphasis on radar ei
a way that brings together the diverse yet complementary topics that comprise it. The detection and optimization theory mv
applied to radar signal processing. e
topics covered range from the purely theoretical to the applied, and the treatment of
these topics ranges from tutorial explanation to forward-looking research discussions. Lee Patton is a Senior Research srs
The topics treated in this book include: classical waveform design and its extensions EInncg. iHneise rr ewseitahr cMha itnritxe rReesstse ainrcchlu, de it
through information theory, multiple-input multiple-output systems, and the bio-inspired radar signal processing and system y
sensing perspective; the exploration of measurement diversity through distributed radar design, with a special emphasis on
systems, in both cooperative and non-cooperative configurations; the optimal adaptation waveform diversity and design.
of the transmit waveform for target detection, tracking, and identification; and more.
This representative cross-section of topics provides the reader with a chance to see the
three principles of waveform diversity at work, and will hopefully point the way to further Edited by
advances in this exciting area of research.
D Fulvio Gini, Antonio De Maio
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Waveform Design.indd 1 30/04/2012 18:08:23
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pagei
IETRADAR,SONARANDNAVIGATIONSERIES22
Waveform Design
and Diversity for
Advanced Radar
Systems
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pageii
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 OptimisedradarprocessorsA.Farina(Editor)
Volume3 WeibullradarclutterM.SekineandY.Mao
Volume7 Ultra-widebandradarmeasurements:analysisandprocessing
L.Yu.AstaninandA.A.Kostylev
Volume8 Aviationweathersurveillancesystems:advancedradarandsurface
sensorsforflightsafetyandairtrafficmanagementP.R.Mahapatra
Volume10 RadartechniquesusingarrayantennasW.Wirth
Volume11 Airandspaceborneradarsystems:anintroductionP.Lacomme(Editor)
Volume13 IntroductiontoRFstealthD.Lynch
Volume14 Applicationsofspace-timeadaptiveprocessingR.Klemm(Editor)
Volume15 Groundpenetratingradar,2ndeditionD.Daniels
Volume16 TargetdetectionbymarineradarJ.Briggs
Volume17 Strapdown inertial navigation technology, 2nd edition D. Titterton and
J.Weston
Volume18 IntroductiontoradartargetrecognitionP.Tait
Volume19 RadarimagingandholographyA.PasmurovandS.Zinovjev
Volume20 Seaclutter:scattering,theKdistributionandradarperformanceK.Ward,
R.ToughandS.Watts
Volume21 Principlesofspace-timeadaptiveprocessing,3rdeditionR.Klemm
Volume101 Introductiontoairborneradar,2ndeditionG.W.Stimson
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pageiii
Waveform Design
and Diversity for
Advanced Radar
Systems
Edited by
Fulvio Gini, Antonio De Maio
and Lee Patton
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pageiv
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©2012TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
Firstpublished2012
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Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pagev
Contents
Waveformdiversity:awayforwardtothefutureoftheradar xiii
1 Classicalradarwaveformdesign 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Narrow-bandsignal 4
1.3 Matchedfilterandambiguityfunction 5
1.4 Linearfrequencymodulatedpulse 7
1.5 Phase-codedpulse 9
1.5.1 Binarysequences 9
1.5.2 Polyphasesequences 11
1.6 Coherentpulsetrain 12
1.7 Mismatchedfilters 15
1.8 Spectralefficiency 15
1.9 Coherenttrainofdiversepulses 18
1.9.1 Complementarypulses 18
1.9.2 Stepped-frequencypulses 20
1.10 Frequency-codedwaveforms 24
1.11 Multicarrierwaveforms 27
1.12 Continuousperiodicwaveforms 30
1.13 Conclusions 34
References 34
2 Informationtheoryandradarwaveformdesign 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Informationtheoryandradarwaveformdesign 39
2.2.1 Mutualinformation 39
2.2.2 MutualinformationandtheNoisyChannel
CodingTheorem 40
2.2.3 Mutualinformationandradarmeasurement 42
2.2.4 Targetimpulseresponse 47
2.2.4.1 Maximummutualinformationwaveforms 49
2.2.5 Maximalmutualinformationwaveformdesign 52
2.3 Recentworkapplyinginformationtheorytoradar 55
2.4 Summaryandconclusions 59
References 60
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pagevi
vi Waveformdesignanddiversityforadvancedradarsystems
3 Multistaticambiguityfunctionandsensorplacementstrategies 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Problemformulation 65
3.3 Multistaticambiguityfunction 66
3.4 Sensorplacementinmultistaticradarsystems 68
3.5 Conclusions 86
References 87
4 MIMOradarwaveformdesign 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 MIMOradardatamodelandtransmissionschemes 94
4.3 FT-CDMA 97
4.3.1 MIMOCANwaveforms 98
4.3.2 ZCZwaveforms 102
4.4 FDMA 108
4.5 TDMA 108
4.6 DDMA 111
4.7 ST-CDMA 113
4.8 Conclusions 116
References 117
5 Passivebistaticradarwaveforms 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Theradarequationinbistaticradar 123
5.3 Theambiguityfunctioninbistaticradar 124
5.4 Passivebistaticradarwaveforms 126
5.4.1 FMradio 126
5.4.2 Analoguetelevision 128
5.4.3 DigitalradioandTV 130
5.4.4 Cellphonenetworks 130
5.4.5 WiFiandWiMAXtransmissions 132
5.4.6 Othertransmissions 134
5.4.7 Summaryoftransmitters 137
5.5 Examplesofpassivebistaticradarsystems 138
5.5.1 ThesignalandinterferenceenvironmentinPBR 138
5.5.2 PBRprocessingtechniques 140
5.5.3 Examplesofresults 142
5.5.4 Digitaltransmissions 144
5.6 Conclusions 144
References 145
6 Biologicallyinspiredwaveformdiversity 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Waveformtypes 150
6.3 Waveformdiversityandthe‘feedingbuzz’ 155
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pagevii
Contents vii
6.4 Frequencymodulations 160
6.4.1 Linearfrequencymodulation 160
6.4.2 Hyperbolicfrequencymodulation 161
6.4.3 Dopplertoleranceandwidebandambiguityfunction 162
6.5 Diversityprocessing 164
6.6 Conclusions 169
References 170
7 Continuouswaveformsforautomotiveradarsystems 173
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Waveformdesign 178
7.2.1 Monofrequencycontinuouswaveradarsystem 180
7.2.1.1 Modulationscheme 181
7.2.1.2 Signalprocessing 182
7.2.1.3 Systemdesign 183
7.2.1.4 Discussion 183
7.2.2 Linearfrequencymodulatedcontinuouswaveform 184
7.2.2.1 Modulationscheme 184
7.2.2.2 Signalprocessing 186
7.2.2.3 Systemdesign 188
7.2.2.4 Discussion 189
7.2.3 Frequencyshiftkeyingwaveform 189
7.2.3.1 Modulationscheme 190
7.2.3.2 Signalprocessing 190
7.2.3.3 Systemdesign 191
7.2.3.4 Discussion 192
7.2.4 Multiplefrequencyshiftkeyingwaveform 193
7.2.4.1 Modulationsscheme 193
7.2.4.2 Signalprocessing 194
7.2.4.3 Systemdesign 195
7.2.4.4 Discussion 195
7.2.5 Frequencymodulationwithrapidchirps 195
7.2.5.1 Modulationsscheme 196
7.2.5.2 Signalprocessing 196
7.2.5.3 Systemdesign 197
7.2.5.4 Discussion 198
7.3 Azimuthanglemeasurement 199
7.4 Measurementoflateralvelocity 201
7.4.1 Radarmeasurementoflateralvelocity 202
7.5 Conclusion 204
References 205
8 Multistaticandwaveform-diverseradarpulsecompression 207
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Multistaticreceivedsignalmodel 209
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viii Waveformdesignanddiversityforadvancedradarsystems
8.3 Multistaticadaptivepulsecompression 212
8.4 MAPC-CLEANhybridization 216
8.4.1 BistaticprojectionCLEAN 218
8.4.2 HybridCLEAN 220
8.5 Single-pulserange-Dopplerimaging 222
8.6 Stepped-frequencyradar 225
8.7 Conclusions 227
References 228
9 Optimalchannelselectioninamultistaticradarsystem 231
9.1 Introduction 232
9.2 Bistaticgeometry 233
9.3 Monostaticandbistaticambiguityfunction 235
9.4 MonostaticandbistaticCramér–Raolowerbounds 236
9.5 AmbiguityfunctionandCramér–Raolowerboundsforaburst
ofLFMpulses 239
9.6 OptimalselectionoftheTX–RXpair 245
9.7 Conclusions 252
Appendix:RelationbetweenCRLBandAF 253
References 256
10 Waveformdesignfornon-cooperativeradarnetworks 259
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 Systemmodel 261
10.3 Problemformulation 264
10.3.1 Signal-to-noiseratio 264
10.3.2 Mutualinterferenceconstraints 265
10.3.3 Energyconstraint 267
10.4 Codedesign 268
10.4.1 Equivalentproblemformulations 268
10.4.2 Relaxationandrandomization 268
10.4.3 Approximationbound 269
10.5 Performanceanalysis 270
10.5.1 MaximizationoftheSNR 271
10.5.2 Controloftheinducedinterference 275
10.5.3 Computationalcomplexity 278
10.6 Conclusions 278
Appendix:Solvabilityoftheoptimizationproblem 279
References 279
11 Waveformdesignbasedonphaseconjugationandtimereversal 283
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 Phaseconjugationandtimereversaltheoreticalbackground 284
11.2.1 Timereversalinvarianceinwavepropagation 284
Gini 00_Gini_FM.tex April17,2012 16:15 Pageix
Contents ix
11.3 PhaseconjugationandoperationalRADARapplication 287
11.3.1 Phaseconjugationversusclassicalstrategies 287
11.3.1.1 Pencilbeams(emissionandreception
withpencilbeams) 288
11.3.1.2 Digitalbeamforming(emissionwith
widebeam,receptionwithDBF) 288
11.3.1.3 Phaseconjugation(emissionwithPC,
receptionwithDBF) 288
11.3.2 PhaseconjugationandDORTmethodsforRADAR 289
11.3.3 SNRderivation–single-targetcase 293
11.3.3.1 DORTeigenvalues 295
11.3.4 SNRderivation–multipletargetscase 296
11.3.4.1 DORTeigenvalues 298
11.3.5 SNRderivation–movingtarget 299
11.3.6 Detectioncriterion 301
11.4 PhaseconjugationimplementationinRADAR 302
11.5 LSEETprototypedescription 304
11.5.1 UWBphaseconjugationexperiment 305
11.5.1.1 Detailsofmeasurement 305
11.5.1.2 Resultsanddiscussion 306
11.5.2 UWBDORTexperiment 308
11.5.2.1 Detailsofmeasurements 308
11.5.2.2 Resultsanddiscussion 309
11.6 Conclusion 311
References 313
12 Space-timediversityforactiveantennasystems 317
12.1 Introduction 317
12.2 Fromfocusedbeamandwidebeamtomultiple
transmissions 319
12.3 Space-timecoding 321
12.3.1 Principles 321
12.3.2 Fastscanningorintra-pulsescanning 323
12.3.3 Circulatingpulse 324
12.3.4 Circulatingcodes:generalprinciple 327
12.3.5 Codeoptimization 327
12.4 Interleavedscanning(slow-timespace-timecoding) 333
12.5 Targetcoherenceanddiversitygains 335
12.5.1 Targetcoherence 335
12.5.2 Diversitygain 336
12.6 Codingstrategy 338
12.7 Conclusion 339
References 340