Table Of ContentWatershed Hydrology,
Management and Modeling
Editors
Abrar Yousuf
Manmohanjit Singh
Punjab Agricultural University
Regional Research Station
Ballowal Saunkhri, SBS Nagar
Punjab, India
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Yousuf, Abrar, 1989- editor. | Singh, Manmohanjit, 1971- editor.
Title: Watershed hydrology, management and modeling / editors: Abrar
Yousuf, Manmohanjit Singh.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “The book will
provide the comprehensive insight of the watersheds and modeling of the
hydrological processes in the watersheds. This book will cover the
detailed concepts of watershed hydrology and watershed management. The
basic concepts of soil erosion and its types, measurement and estimation
of runoff and soil loss from the small and large watersheds will be
discussed. Recent advances in the watershed management like application
of remote sensing and GIS and hydrological models will be included in
the book. The insight to the various important hydrological models will
also be given in the book. The book will be a guide for professional and
competitive examinations to Under Graduate students of Agriculture and
Agricultural Engineering and Master students of Soil Science/ Soil and
Water Engineering/Agricultural Physics/ Hydrology/Watershed
Management”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019032196 | ISBN 9781138365643 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Watershed hydrology. | Watershed management. | Soil
erosion.
Classification: LCC GB980 .W368 2020 | DDC 551.48--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019032196
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Preface
The concept of a watershed as a hydrologic unit advanced in the early twentieth
century has been widely adopted as the management unit. Watersheds are
hydrologic units that are considered efficient and appropriate for the assessment
of available resources and subsequent planning and implementation of various
development programmes. Most development programmes have worked along
political and administrative units. Districts, blocks and villages formed the unit
for planning and implementation of development programmes by the Government
as well as Non-Government agencies. However, the environment does not
recognize these boundaries therefore; any environment regeneration programme
has to take into account environmental boundaries for effective success. The best
environmental unit for planning is the watershed.
There is a need to understand physical process of erosion in relation of
topography, land use and management to come up with best management
practices. Planned land use and conservation measures to optimize the use of
land and water resources help in increasing sustainable agricultural production.
However, to achieve this, quantification of runoff and soil loss from the watersheds
is must. Since it is very often impractical or impossible to directly measure soil
loss on every piece of land, and the reliable estimates of the various hydrological
parameters including runoff and soil loss for remote and inaccessible areas are
tedious and time consuming by conventional methods. Therefore it is desirable
that some suitable methods and techniques are used/evolved for quantifying the
hydrological parameters from all parts of the watersheds. Use of mathematical
hydrological models to quantify runoff and soil loss for designing and evaluating
alternate land use and best management practices in a watershed is one of the
most viable options. The integrated outcome of the hydrological models along
with remote sensing and GIS can be helpful to the decision makers to evaluate the
best management practices and design the necessary soil and water conservation
structures to reduce the soil erosion.
The present book has been divided into 11 chapters. The book covers both
the basic and applied parts in relation to watershed hydrology. The basics of soil
erosion, measurement of soil erosion, runoff and rainwater harvesting and basic
information about watershed hydrology and management is given, in order to
understand the basic processes in relation to watershed management. The applied
iv Watershed Hydrology, Management and Modeling
part includes land evaluation, modeling soil erosion, case studies on use of
various models like Erosion 3D model and SWAT model and futuristic approach
to watershed management. The comprehensive insight of the watersheds and
modeling of the hydrological processes in the watersheds and the detailed
concepts of watershed hydrology and watershed management, recent advances in
the watershed management such as the application of remote sensing and GIS and
hydrological models have been included in the book. This book will be a guide
for professional and competitive examinations, and to undergraduate students
of agriculture and agricultural engineering and master students of soil science,
soil and water engineering, agricultural physics, hydrology and watershed
management.
We are extremely grateful to the authors who have contributed chapters in
this book. We express our thanks to Science Publishers, CRC Press for their
cooperation and publication of this book.
Abrar Yousuf
Manmohanjit Singh
Contents
Preface iii
1. Watershed Hydrology and Management 1
Anil Bhardwaj
Introduction 1
Hydrologic Cycle 1
Hydrology and Watershed 3
Scales in Hydrology 4
Hydrology of Small vs. Large Watersheds 5
Watershed as Hydrologic System 6
Global vs. Watershed Hydrologic System 6
Watershed Hydrologic Processes 7
Watershed Hydrologic Budget 11
Watershed Hydrology and Health 13
Managing Watershed Hydrology 13
References 17
2. Runoff and Rainwater Harvesting 18
Junaid N Khan, Rohitashw Kumar and Abrar Yousuf
Introduction 18
Runoff 19
Factors Affecting Runoff 20
Estimation of Runoff 23
Direct Measurement of Runoff 27
Stage Level Recorder 29
Current Meter 31
Rain Water Harvesting Techniques 31
Rainwater Harvesting in Farm Ponds 32
Design of Farm Ponds 32
References 36
vi Watershed Hydrology, Management and Modeling
3. Basics of Soil Erosion 38
Manmohanjit Singh and Kerstin Hartsch
Introduction 38
On-site Effects 39
Off-site Effects 40
Types of Soil Erosion 41
Factors Affecting Water Erosion 45
Stages of Soil Erosion 53
References 61
4. Measurement of Soil Erosion by Water 62
Manmohanjit Singh and SS Kukal
Introduction 62
Soil Erosion Hazard Assessment 62
Measurement of Soil Erosion 66
Laboratory Measurements of Soil Loss 73
Rainfall Simulation 74
Rill Erosion Measurement 75
Gully Erosion Measurement 75
References 75
5. Measures to Control Soil Erosion 77
Abrar Yousuf, Jonas Lenz and Eajaz Ahmad Dar
Introduction 77
Soil Conservation Strategies 78
Agronomic Measures to Control Soil Erosion 80
Mechanical Measures to Control Soil Erosion 85
Soil Stabilizers/Additives/Conditioners 94
References 95
6. Gully Erosion and its Control 98
Mahesh Chand Singh
Introduction 98
Stages of Gully Development 99
Classification of Gully 100
Causes of Gully Formation 103
Adverse Impacts of Gully Erosion 103
Gully Control Measures 104
References 113
Contents vii
7. Soil Erosion by Water-Model Concepts and Application 115
Jürgen Schmidt and Michael von Werner
Introduction 115
Empirical Models 116
Physically Based Simulation Models 119
Application of the EROSION 3D Model 138
References 140
8. SWAT Model and its Application 142
VK Bhatt and AK Tiwari
Introduction 142
Erosion Models for Estimating Soil Erosion 143
SWAT Model 143
Evaluation of SWAT Model in Lower Himalayas 145
References 151
9. Watershed Management in the 21st Century 152
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
Why Watershed Management? 152
Optimizing Land Use Utilization 154
Monitoring based Watershed Management 155
Adaptive Watershed Management 156
References 160
10. Bio-industrial Watershed Management 163
Sanjay Arora
Introduction 163
Watershed Development and Management Approach 164
Principles of Watershed Management 165
Multiple Use Concept in Watershed Management 165
Integrated Watershed Management Approach 166
Bio-Industrial Watershed Management Approach 168
Bio-Industrial Watershed Opportunities in Hilly Region 169
Contract Farming and Bio-Industrial Watershed Management 170
Way Forward for Bio-Industrial Watersheds 171
References 173
viii Watershed Hydrology, Management and Modeling
11. Land Evaluation: A General Perspective 175
K Karthikeyan, Nirmal Kumar, Abrar Yousuf, Balkrishna S Bhople,
Pushpanjali and RK Naitam
Introduction 175
Land 176
Land Evaluation 177
Land Use Planning 177
Role of land Evaluation in Land Use Planning 178
Objectives of Land Evaluation 178
Land Use Planning and Sustainable Development 178
Qualitative to Quantitative Land Evaluation 178
Land Capability Classification 179
Land Irrigability Classification 182
Land Capability Index 184
Land Suitability Classification 185
Future Perspectives 193
References 193
Index 197
Chapter 1
Watershed Hydrology and
Management
Anil Bhardwaj
Introduction
Water is the most abundant substance on earth upon which all life on earth is
dependent. Hydrology deals with the earth’s water in all its phases and is therefore
a subject of great importance to society for the creation of liveable environment.
Human activities such as cultivation on terraced lands, clearing of forests for
different purposes, construction of roads, mining, over exploitation of groundwater,
dumping wastes into rivers and reservoirs, and application of high fertilizer doses for
achieving higher yields, etc., changes the pattern of distribution and circulation of
earth’s water. As every inhabitant living on the earth belongs to a particular watershed,
they are continuously influencing quantity/availability and quality of water by their
actions, and the use of water. The protection, conservation, and management of
water resources and water quality depend upon all of us understanding the basic
concepts of hydrology as well as that of watershed and watershed health. To do so
the understanding of the hydrologic cycle is very important.
Hydrologic Cycle
We know that earth’s water is always in movement. The natural water cycle that
describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Email: [email protected]
