Table Of ContentNATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
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A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York
H Cell Biology London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
I Global Environmental Change Barcelona Budapest
PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES
1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers
2. Environment Springer-Verlag/Kluwer Academic Publishers
3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers
4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers
5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers
The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with
NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern
Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries.
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DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two
ways:
-via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN,
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-via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software
in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc.
1992).
The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or
through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium.
2. Environment - Vol. 15
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
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Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
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Milan
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Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Water Supply Systems
New Technologies
Edited by
Cedo Maksimovi6
IRTCUW, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering
P.O. Box 895
11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Francesco Calomino
Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo
Universita della Calabria
1-87040 Montalto Uffugo (Cs), Italy
John Snoxell
Wessex Water, Wessex House
Passage street, B22 OJQ Bristol, UK
Springer
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute "New Technologies
for Large Water Supply Projects", held in Varna, Bulgaria,
October 24 - November 4, 1994
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Water supply systems: new technologies / edited by Cedo Maksimovic.
Francesco Calomino. John Snoxell.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Partnership sub-series 2.
Environment; vol. 15)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Water-supply--Management--Technological innovations.
I. Maksimovic. C. II. Calomino. Francesco. 1949- III. Snoxell.
John. 1948- IV. Series.
TD353.W39 1996
628.1--dc20 96-32374
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64739-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-61187-2
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-61187-2
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Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German
Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always
be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copy
right Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors/editors
SPIN: 10470207 31/3137 -5 4 3 210 - Printed on acid-free paper
New Technologies for Water Supply Systems
Preface
Technology now affects almost every aspect of Water Supply Management, Operation,
Planning and Design; the speed of development means that assessing what is "new" is
sometimes difficult. Old ideas can now be applied because of new technology; technology is
now revealing problems that were unnoticed 10 years ago. Some emerging technologies
promise much but are still underdeveloped for use in real world conditions, while we should
always remember that "new" technology depends upon the state of development in respective
countries, a point which is particularly relevant to the NATO Advanced Study Institute, for
which this book has been produced.
Thus our objective in producing the book has been to highlight, in a wide range of
technical areas, where and how technology is being applied, what is "new" and what the
limitations of these technologies are in the real world. We have also tried to provide an
European and American perspective where possible to illustrate how problems are tackled in
different cultural environments. It is probably true that "technology" is also somewhat
dependent upon the political, economic and organisational climate in different countries and we
have included a chapter covering these aspects.
Water Demand in most countries has shown a steady, relentless increase in the past and
this has put increasing pressure on water resources globally. Chapter I, Water Supply Systems
on the Threshold of the 21st Century, looks at water demand and some new concepts in
meeting these demands: separate systems for potable and agricultural use,differing qualities of
water for differing uses, protecting water sources and transmission lines, and waste water
reuse, a subject which is coming under increasing scrutiny.
Increasingly, water is being moved over very long distances to balance areas of surplus
and deficit, both in space and time, and Chapter n, Water Supply Conveyance and Control,
looks at some examples of these systems and the associated problems. Firstly, traditional and
new technologies in pipeline construction and structural requirements are considered and
secondly two such systems, Brussels in Belgium, and Wessex in the UK, are looked at in detail
to illustrate the kinds oftechnology now in use to monitor and control these large networks.
VI
Over recent years new technology has affected water treatment quite radically. Firstly,
new analytical techniques have revealed many complex organic pollutants to be present in raw
and treated water (some formed as by-products of treatment), and some are associated with
diseases such as cancer. The response to this has been a tightening of standards for a wide
range of such parameters and, in consequence, major investment in new and innovative water
treatment technologies.
Chapter III, New Technologies for Water Treatment, looks at these problems,
providing an European and American perspective, and goes on to look in detail at the
innovative approach adopted by Amsterdam Water Supply, in treating raw water derived from
the river Rhine. An American view is provided which looks at technologies emerging in the
United States, with particular reference to health effects, costs of different technologies, and
research being conducted at Colorado' State University.
Disinfection using chlorine has been used almost universally for decades but it is only in
recent years that the presence of disinfection by-products, and their potential effects as
carcinogens, has been recognised. This has led to new technologies for controlling and
removing such complex chemicals, and research into alternatives. Chapter IV, Emerging
Problems and Technologies in Water Treatment, looks at these technologies and also looks at
new approaches to optimising older technologies for water clarification, coagulation and
flocculation.
There have been numerous advances in the management and operation of existing
systems and chapter V, Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Existing Systems, looks at these
technologies. Flow measurement, water balancing, network modelling, data logging, leak
detection and pressure control have all seen major advances in the last decade along with new
techniques for pipe rehabilitation. The current situation in the UK is examined in detail with
some examples from around the world to provide a global perspective.
Network Analysis, or computer modelling of supply systems, is an old technique which
is' how finding new life because of advances in computer technology and' advances in data
management. Chapter vi, The Application of Modelling in the Management of Water Supply
Systems, looks at the numerical methods underlying this technique and a new approach to the
computing aspects. It also looks at the way that network 'modelling is now being integrated
with telemetry and GIS to provide a live, up-to-date, dynamic model of the network which can
be used as a real operational management tool, as well as;in its more traditional role in planning
and design.
In' some special conditions, transient flows giving rise to water hammer can be very
destructive if not controlled properly and Chapter VII, Transient Flows, looks at some of the
technologies nOw being employed to examine and analyse these phenomena, including new
numerical methods and computing techniques.
VII
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are relatively new computer systems now
extensively used in the management, operation and analysis of water supply networks. Chapter
VIII, The Application of GIS and Remote Sensing, looks at the theoretical basis of such
systems, and how they can be used for spatial analysis and as digital maps for the management
of underground assets in a water company environment. The potential of remote sensing for
data capture and leak detection is also covered.
The social, economic and political factors affecting water supply systems vary
enormously between countries and often have a profound effect on the management, operation
and technological status of the network. Chapter IX, Institutional, Social and Economic
Aspects, concludes the book by looking at some of these frameworks and the way in which
such issues as charging, privatisation, levels of service, management structures and other issues
are dealt with using some European examples.
The scope of this book is very wide, and indicates that "new technology" now affects
almost every aspect of water supply. From resource management, conveyance, treatment,
hydroinformatics, pumping, to telemetry, data logging and GIS, the modem water supply
network now encompasses technologies from every part ofthe spectrum. The challenge is to
learn how to apply and manage these technologies and to spread this knowledge throughout
the global world of water.
This book 'and the ASI (Advanced Study Institute of the NATO Science series of
Advanced Science institutes) from which it is derived, has made a contribution to this process
and has helped in spreading this understanding of new technology between the participating
nations.
This is a reflection of NATO's objectives with the ASI programme - "to promote the
dissemination of scientific knowledge, to impart experiences and foster professional contacts
among scientists" -and it is to be hoped that this book will prove to be a worthy record of the
ASI in Bulgaria 1994, and the hard work and commitment of all those who took part.
Cedo Maksimovic
Francesco CaIomino
JohnSnoxeU
April, 1996
Acknowledgements
The Organizers wish to thank the following companies for their co-sponsorship of the
NATO ASI in Bulgaria, 1994:
• BERMAD Control Valves, ISRAEL
• BIWA TER Industries, UK
• DEGREMONT ITAUA, ITALY
• l. T. T. Flygt, UK
The Editors would also like to express their thanks and appreciation to the individual
authors, chapter coordinators and all those who assisted in the preparation of this book.
Special thanks to prof. Vujica Yevjevich for his invaluable suggestions in preparation
and ASI organization and running. We are also indebted to prof. Paolo Veltri who helped us a
lot in the final phase of preparation of the text for publishing.
Finally, special thanks are due to Ms Zorica Todorovic, B.Sc. for her outstanding work
and assistance in transforming the individual contributions into a consistent and high-quality
volume.
The Editors
April,1996
List of Contributors
A. Graveland
Daniel L. 8rumagne
Amsterdam Water Supply
Compagnie Interconununale
Voge1enzangseweg 21
Bruuxelloise des Eaux
2114 BA Vogelenzang
Rue aux Laines 70, I ()()() Bruxelles
THE NElHERLANDS
BELGIUM
Vladimir Havlik
Francesco Calomino
Czech Technical University of Prague
Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo
Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6
Universita della Calabria
CZECH REPUBLIC
87040 Montalto Uffugo (Cs)
ITALY
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Amsterdam Water Supply
Tory L. Champlin
Vogelenzangseweg 21
Department of Civil Engineering
2114 BA Vogelenzang
Colorado State University
THE NElHERLANDS
Fort Collins, Colorado
USA
Peter David Hedges
Department of Civil Engineering
Thomas William Charnock
Aston University, Aston Triangle
Department of Civil Engineering
Birmingham B4 7ET
Aston University, Aston Triangle
UK
Birmingham B4 7ET
UK
Petr Ingeduld
Czech Technical University of Prague
LisaM. Dunn
Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6
Department of Civil Engineering
CZECH REPUBLIC
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Marko Ivetie
Institute of Hydraulic Engineering
JohnElgy
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Belgrade
Aston University, Aston Triangle
P.O. Box 895, II 000 Belgrade
Birmingham B4 7ET
YUGOSLAVIA
UK
x
Pavel Jirou§ek Thomas G. Sanders
Charles University Department of Civil Engineering
Prague Colorado State University
CZECH REPUBLIC Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
USA
Peter KaIinkov
Higher Institute of Architecture John Snoxell
and Civil Engineering, WESSEX WATER
I Christo Smimenski, 1421 Sofia WESSEX House, Pas$8ge str.
BULGARIA BS2 OJQ Bristol
UK
Jean Louis Monzo
Higher Institute of Architecture Stanislav Vanecek
and Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University of Prague
I Christo Smimenski, 1421 Sofia Thakurova 7, 16629 p.rague 6
BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC
tedo Maksimovic Adrian Verwey
IRTCUW, Insitute of Hydraulic Engineering IHE, Delft
Faculty of Civil Engineering P.O. Box 3015,2601 DA Delft
University of Belgrade THE NETHERLANDS
P.O. Box 895, II 000 Belgrade
YUGOSLAVIA Paolo Veltri
Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo
Mario J. N. Neves Universitil della Calabria
Universidade do Porto 87040 Montalto Uffug~ (Cs)
Rua Jer6nimo Mendon~ 65 ITALY
4200 Porto Codex
PORTUGAL Radisav D. Vidic
Department of Civil and Environmental
Duian Obradovic Engineering
WINS Ltd. University of Pittsburgh
Tower House, Parkstone Road 949 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh PA 15261
Poole, Dorset BHI5 2DH USA
UK
Vujica Yevjevich
Dusan Prodanovic Department of Civil Engineering
IRTCUW, Insitute of Hydraulic Engineering Colorado State University
Faculty of Civil Engineering Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
University of Belgrade USA
YUGOSLAVIA
EvienZeman
Czech Technical University of Prague
Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6
CZECH REPUBLIC
