Water Quality Risk Assessment Study of Winery and Ancillary Developments in the Mount Lofty ...

181 Pages·2004·0.83 MB·English

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ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AUTHORITY
of
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
WATER QUALITY RISK ASSESSMENT STUDY
of
WINERY AND ANCILLARY DEVELOPMENTS
In the
MOUNT LOFTY RANGES WATERSHED
STAGE 2 — TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT
Eco Management Services Pty Ltd
Land Energy Pty Ltd
Dr Jeanette Chapman
ARUP Water
Ref 303/02
February 2003

P O Box 379 BLACKWOOD SA 5051
TEL: [phone] FAX: [phone] EMAIL: [email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1
1.2 Aim and Outline of the Study 3

2.0 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 4

2.1 Site Visits and Industry Consultation 5

3.0 DEVELOPMENT IN THE ADELAIDE HILLS WINE REGION 6

3.1 Adelaide Hills Wine Region: a brief description 6
3.2 Current Development 6
3.3 Industry Studies of Future Development to 2012 6
3.4 Winery Development Scenarios to 2012 9
3.5 Scenario for Ancillary Development 10
3.6 Allocation of Winery and Ancillary Development by
Catchment 10

3.6.1 Current Winery Development 12

4.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL WINERY SPILL
MATERIALS 13

4.1 The Manufacture of Wine: Focusing on the AHWR 13
4.2 Characteristics of Winery Wastewater 19

4.2.1 Stormwater Management 21
4.2.2 Solid Production Waste 23

4.3 Ethanol-based Refrigeration Brines 23
4.4 Chemicals 24
4.5 Fuel 25
4.6 Relative Total Loading of Biological Oxygen Demand,
Nitrogen and Phosphorus 25

5.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL WINERY AND
ANCILLARY SEWAGE WASTE SPILL MATERIALS 28

5.1 Standards for Waste Management 28
5.2 Issues Affecting Successful Management of Sewage
Effluent Systems 30
6.0 REVIEW OF PAST INCIDENCE REPORTS AND AVAILABLE
INDUSTRY AUDITS 32

6.1 Stormwater Management from Open Processing Areas 32
6.2 Modification of Existing Buildings to Become Wineries 33
6.3 Rapid Expansion of Infrastructure 33

6.4 Management Deficiencies 33
6.5 Transportation of Waste to Effluent Treatment Works 33

7.0 DETERMINATION OF THE PROBABILITY OF A SPILL BY
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS 35

7.1 Fault Tree Methodology 35

7.1.1 Human Error 36
7.1.2 Equipment Failure Rates 39
7.1.3 Fault Tree Mathematics 41
7.1.4 Binominal Distribution 42

7.2 Results of the Risk Analysis 42

7.2.1 Leak of Raw Product 42
7.2.1.1 Results 44
7.2.2 Wastewater Collection and Storage System Fails 44
7.2.2.1 Results 46
7.2.3 Leakage of Refrigeration Brine 47
7.2.3.1 Leak of Refrigeration Brine from the
Storage Tank 47
7.2.3.2 Leak of Brine from Refrigeration Unit
and Pipe Network 48
7.2.4 Leakage of Irrigation Water 48
7.2.5 Leakage of Sewage Effluent 50
7.2.6 Fire 51

7.3 Combined Failure of all Sources for Generic Wineries 52

7.3.1 Allocation of Spill Volume Categories 52
7.3.2 Combined Risk of Spillage from Generic Wineries 53
8.0 DETERMINING SPILL VOLUMES REACHING
WATERCOURSES 55

8.1 Locational Criticality 55
8.2 Method of Determining Overland Flow Spill Volumes
Reaching Watercourses 55

8.2.1 Liquid Spill Dynamics - Modelling 55
8.2.2 Generic Spill Events – The Effect of the Main
Variables 60
8.2.3 Selected Scenario Graphs 61

8.3 Existing Wineries – Specific Site Modelling 62

9.0 WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL FROM WINERIES AND
ANCILLARY DEVELOPMENT 70

9.1 Potential Pollutants and Environmental Values 70
9.2 Potential Effects on Riverine Aquatic Ecosystems 73

9.2.1 General Approach 73
9.2.2 Characteristics of the Receiving Waters 73
9.2.2.1 Flow Patterns 73
9.2.2.2 Habitat Value 74
9.2.3 ANZECC (2000) Guidelines 75
9.2.4 Potential Effects of Winery Pollutants on
Aquatic Ecosystems 78
9.2.4.1 Characterisation of Pollutants 78
9.2.4.2 Effects of BOD/COD on Stream
Dissolved Oxygen 80
9.2.4.3 Effects of Brine (Ethanol) 83
9.2.4.4 Nutrients 83

9.3 Potential Effects on Agricultural Use 84

9.3.1 Irrigation 84
9.3.2 Stock Water 84

9.4 Potential Effects on Recreation and Amenity 85
9.5 Domestic Water Supply 88

9.5.1 Metropolitan Water Supply Reservoirs 88
9.5.1.1 Water Quality Issues 88
9.5.1.2 Key Pollutants from Wineries 89
9.5.2 Instream Domestic Supply 91
10.0 COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY RISKS FOR
DEVEPOPMENT SCENARIOS 96

10.1 Introduction 96
10.2 Retrofitting of Existing Wineries 96

10.2.1 Retrofitting Trade Waste System 96
10.2.2 Retrofitting of Brine Tank and Refrigeration/Pipe
Network 98
10.2.3 Retrofitting for Product 98
10.2.4 Irrigation 99
10.2.5 Fire 100
10.2.6 Compliance 100

10.3 Retention Basins 100

10.3.1 Interception in Existing On-Farm Dams Acting
As Retention Basins 100
10.3.2 Use of Constructed Retention Basins in
Future Development Scenarios 101

10.4 Format and Interpretation of Summary Tables 103
10.5 Comparative Water Quality Risks 104

10.5.1 Existing Wineries and Scenario 1 104
10.5.2 Winery Development Scenarios 2 and 3 108
10.5.3 Multiple Wineries on the Same Watercourse 113
10.5.4 Comparison of Risk with Generic Wineries 113

10.6 Ancillary Developments 114

11.0 WINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 115

11.1 Management Options 115
11.2 Nature and Variation in Winery Wastewaters 116
11.3 Treatment Processes 116
11.4 Reduction at Source 117
11.5 Specific Treatment Technologies 118

11.5.1 Flow/Loading Equalisation 118
11.5.2 Screening 118
11.5.3 Primary Sedimentation/Flotation 118
11.5.4 Aerobic Biological Treatment 121
11.5.5 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 121
11.5.6 Secondary Sedimentation/Flotation 122
11.5.7 Advanced Treatment 122
11.5.8 Reedbed Treatment Systems 123
11.6 Wastewater Treatment Industry Survey 123

11.6.1 Survey Results 124

11.7 Applicable Technologies 125

11.7.1 Very Small (≤ 2000 T) Wineries 125
11.7.2 Small Wineries (200 to 2000 T) 126
11.7.3 Irrigation Re-use as Secondary Treatment 126
11.7.4 Packaged Treatment Plants 127
11.7.5 Indicative Capital and Operating Costs 127
11.7.6 Buyer Beware 127

12.0 SUMMARY OF KEY STUDY FINDINGS 128

12.1 Study Findings 128

12.1.1 Protecting MLRW Environmental Values 128
12.1.2 Comparison of the Existing Situation and Development
Scenarios for Wineries 129
12.1.3 Ancillary Development 131

12.2 Assumptions for Best Management Practice 131

12.2.1 New Wineries of 50, 200, 500, 2,000 and 4,000
Tonne Capacities 131
12.2.2 Existing Winery Developments 133
12.2.3 Ancillary Development 134

12.3 Development Cost and Viability 134

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Location of current winery developments
Table 3.2 Allocation of wineries by catchment for three development
Scenarios
Table 3.3 Allocation of ancillary developments by catchment
Table 4.1 General processing operations, stage of processing and types of
equipment used for each stage by wineries within the Mount Lofty
Region Watershed
Table 4.2 Median concentrations of constituents in winery wastewater
produced during different production stages
Table 4.3 General (median) chemical characteristics of juice, must and
Wine of red grape varieties
Table 4.4 Number and capacities of rotary fermenters allocated to wineries
of 2000 T and 4000 T processing capacities
Table 4.5 Number and capacities of static/potter/open fermenters allocated
to wineries of 50 T to 4000 T processing capacities
Table 4.6 Number and capacities of tanks allocated to wineries of 50 T to
4000 T processing capacities
Table 4.7 Peak daily flow of wastewater during vintage and non-vintage
Assigned to wineries of different capacities for the risk
assessment
Table 4.8 Composition of undiluted ALCOOL, ethanol-based refrigerant
brine products
Table 4.9 Volume of refrigerant brine stored in tanks or refrigeration
unit/pipe network by wineries of ≥500 T
Table 4.10 Chemicals used and kept on site by wineries within the AHWR
Table 4.11 Relative total loads of biological oxygen demand, nitrogen and
phosphorus of sewage effluent from winery or ancillary
developments, winery wastewater, product (juice, must or wine)
and ethanol-based refrigeration brine
Table 5.1 Assumed influent waste characteristics for winery sewage and
ancillary development
Table 5.2 Composition of winery sewage effluent
Table 5.3 Composition of ancillary sewage effluent
Table 6.1 Summary of past EPA-SA Pollution Incidence Reports involving
winery and ancillary development across South Australia
Table 7.1 Human Error Rates
Table 7.2 Probability of Error
Table 7.3 Generic Human Error Rates
Table 7.4 Multipliers for performance shaping factors
Table 7.5 Typical component breakdown failure rates
Table 7.6 Above ground storage tank failure data
Table 7.7 Summary of frequency of spill initiation from any source for a
generic 50 T winery
Table 7.8 Frequency of uncontrolled spillage from all sources for the
generic wineries
Table 8.1 Input Data Selection Table
Table 8.2 Order of input for each data category (top row) and identifier code
(1 to 3)
Table 8.3 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 8.4 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 8.5 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 8.6 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 8.7 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 8.8 Winery and ancillary development – Mount Lofty Ranges
Watershed Water Quality Risk Assessment Study – Stage 2
Table 9.1 Instream parameters which could be impacted by a spill from
winery or ancillary development
Table 9.2 Total biological oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus
loading in spills of nominal volume originating from various
sources.
Table 9.3 Water Quality Guidelines
Table 9.4 Trigger values for thermotolerant coliforms in irrigation waters
used for food and non-food crops
Table 9.5 Water quality characteristics relevant to recreational use
Table 9.6 Summary of Water Quality Guidelines for Recreational Waters
Table 9.7 Total nitrogen and phosphorus loading in spills of nominal
volume from various sources in the Onkaparinga River
Table 9.8 Total nitrogen and phosphorus loading in spills of nominal
volume from various sources in the River Torrens
Table 10.1 Multiplying factors applied to generic human error rates based on
current circumstances of existing winery developments
Table 10.2 Effect of retro fitting (RF) at existing wineries on frequency of
failure of the wastewater collection and storage system
Table 10.3 Effect of retrofitting (RF) at existing wineries on failure frequency
of refrigeration brine
Table 10.4 Effect of varying irrigation system management and use of
bunding around discharge sites of frequency of uncontrolled
spillage
Table 10.5 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 1
on Onkaparinga Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk.
Table 10.6 Risk of spillages with Scenario 1 compared to existing situation
with approved wineries
Table 10.7 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 1
on Finniss Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.8 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 1
on Torrens Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.9 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 2
on Onkaparinga Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk
Table 10.10 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 2
on Torrens Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.11 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 2
on South Para Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk
Table 10.12 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 2
on Angas Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.13 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenarios 2
and 3 on Finniss Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk
Table 10.14 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 3
on Onkaparinga Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk
Table 10.15 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 3
on Torrens Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.16 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 3
on South Para Catchment, and effect of constructed retention
basins on the risk
Table 10.17 Risk of spillage associated with Winery Development Scenario 3
on Angas Catchment, and effect of constructed retention basins
on the risk
Table 10.18 Risk of spillage associated with the ancillary development
scenario
Table 11.1 Treatment processes applied to winery wastewater
Table 11.2 Main winery wastewater constituents and effectiveness of
treatment technology
Table 11.3 Frequency of occurrence of basic technologies in submissions

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1 Monthly wastewater volume generated by a generic 2000 T and
600 T winery
Figure 4.2 Mean rainfall relative to vintage for McLaren Vale, McLaren Vale
Wine District
Figure 4.3 Mean rainfall relative to vintage for Bridgewater, Adelaide
Hills Wine District
Figure 8.1 Liquid spill propagation flowchart and calculation sheet
Figure 8.2 Effects of distance to watercourse and slope on spill volume
residuum for Scenario 32 (x)n 22 2
Figure 8.3 Effects of distance to watercourse and slope on spill volume
residuum for Scenario 22 n2 2(x) 2
Figure 9.1 Illustration of potential impacts of uncontrolled spills from winery
or ancillary development on waterways.
Figure 9.2 Steps involved in applying the guidelines for protection of aquatic
ecosystems (ANZECC 2002)
Figure 9.3 Direct and Indirect Effects of Pollutants in Spills

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1 Mount Lofty Ranges Watershed
Map 2 The Adelaide Hills Wine Region

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I Questionnaire on Winery Wastewater Treatment
Technology
Appendix II Fault Tree Analysis
Appendix III Fault Tree Results for Generic Wineries
Appendix IV Generic Spill Events No Spill Retention Basin
Appendix V Spill Volume Residuum for Selected Scenarios
LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Attachment I Consultancy/Contractor Tender Specification
Attachment II ANONb (2002) Adelaide Hills Vintage Overview
Attachment III Mt Lofty Ranges Watershed Winery and Ancillary
Development Demand Analysis

GLOSSARY