Table Of ContentEarth and Environmental Sciences Library
Shalini Yadav
Abdelazim M. Negm
Ram Narayan Yadava Editors
Water Quality,
Assessment and
Management
in India
Earth and Environmental Sciences Library
SeriesEditors
AbdelazimM.Negm,FacultyofEngineering,ZagazigUniversity,Zagazig,Egypt
TatianaChaplina,Antalya,Turkey
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(cid:129) (cid:129)
Shalini Yadav Abdelazim M. Negm
Ram Narayan Yadava
Editors
Water Quality, Assessment
and Management in India
Editors
ShaliniYadav AbdelazimM.Negm
RabindranathTagoreUniversity FacultyofEngineering
Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India ZagazigUniversity
Zagazig,Egypt
RamNarayanYadava
MadhyanchalProfessionalUniversity
Bhopal,India
ISSN2730-6674 ISSN2730-6682 (electronic)
EarthandEnvironmentalSciencesLibrary
ISBN978-3-030-95686-8 ISBN978-3-030-95687-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95687-5
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Preface
Water, environment, and energy sustainability is fundamental to sustainable eco-
nomic development, functioning of healthy ecosystems, reliable agricultural pro-
ductivity, maintenance of desirable environmental quality, enjoyment of quality
lifestyle, management of surface and groundwater quality, and assessment, which
are considered as priority requirement by the scientists, academicians, researchers,
practicing engineers, consultants, planners, policy makers, economists and social
scientists, managers, and leaders from around the world to share their knowledge,
skills, experiences, and expertise through research findings and the case studies
underdifferentclimaticenvironment.
ThemotivationofthisvolumetitledWaterQuality,AssessmentandManagement
in India is to support India and the developing countries by providing scientific,
technological,andskilledinformationonthepast,present,andfuturescenarioofthe
management and assessment of quality of surface as well as groundwater in India;
with the growing population, demands for water for domestic, agricultural, and
industrialusesareskyrocketingincludingmajorconcernsoverdecreasingfreshwa-
terresourcespercapitaintermsofquantityandquality.
The nineteen chapters of the book are divided into seven parts dealing with
variousmethodologiesandtechnologiesonwaterquality,assessment,andmanage-
mentofsurfaceaswellasgroundwater.PartIdealswithIntroductiononoverviewof
waterresources,quality,andmanagementinIndia.PartIIcoverstheStatusofWater
ResourcesinIndia,whichdealswiththeinterlinkingofriversandoverviewonwater
resourcesmanagement,whereasPartIII—WaterHarvestingandWaterQualities—
consists of seven chapters dealing with drought characterization, rainwater
harvesting, assessment of groundwater, forest water interaction, water quality, and
groundwater exploration. Part IV—Water Quality Assessment and Management—
comprises four chapters and discusses the assessment of river water quality and
multi-industrial-effluentoutfalls.PartVdealswiththeGroundwaterQualityAssess-
ment and has three chapters, whereas identification of heavy metals and radionu-
clidesinsoilisdiscussedinPartVI—ControlofWaterQuality.PartVIIisdevoted
v
vi Preface
toconclusionsandrecommendationsofthebook.Thenoveltyofeachchapterunder
alltheabove-citedpartsissummarizedasfollows:
Thefirstchaptertitled“OverviewofWaterResources,Quality,andManagement
inIndia”discussestheimportantsurfacewater andgroundwaterresourcesinIndia
including several strategies regarding national water policy, water resources plan-
ningandmanagement,andwatertreatmentandpurificationthathavebeenaddressed
bythegovernment,policymakers,andscientists.Thecontentofthischapterwould
assist local people, stakeholders, government officials, and industrialists, dealing
withwaterissuesinIndia.
Thesecondchaptertitled“TheInterlinkingofIndianRiversforSustainableUse
of Water Resources in India: An Overview” focuses on thepolicy andthe benefits
forthepeopleofIndiaandprovidescertainalternativestosolvewaterissuesinIndia.
Also, it suggests the different sustainable options keeping in mind the economic,
technological,andenvironmentalfeasibilityanalysis.
Thethirdchaptertitled“AnOverview:WaterResourcesManagementAspectin
India” gives an overview of the various aspects associated with water resources
management in India. Also, it elaborates on how these aspects are important from
waterresourcesmanagementpointofviewinthecountryanddevelopmentsmadeso
far inthose areas toward achievingthegoal andfurther scope ofthework.Further
various core issues of the water resources sector are discussed such as total water
availability on a global scale and in India, climatic regions, rainfall patterns, and
rainfallavailabilityincludinglandandwaterresourcesdetailsofIndia.
The fourth chapter, titled “Drought Characterization During Monsoon Months
Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Nuapada District, Odisha,
India,”discussestheinterpretationofdroughtusingdroughtindicestomitigatethe
drought by adopting suitable cropping pattern, growing drought-resistant crop
varieties, harvesting the runoff water, and water-saving techniques. The interpreta-
tion of drought utilizing drought indices such as SPI can guide the water resource
plannersandexpertstoformulatethestrategiesforcopingwiththedroughtincaseof
drought-proneareas.
The fifth chapter titled “Forest-Water Interactions at Catchment Scales for Pol-
lution Management” focuses on forest hydrology, storage of water, and physics of
handlingrainfallviavegetativestandsofforests.Also,aproperunderstandingofthe
hydrologicalcycleisobligatoryfortheforest–waterinteractionsincludingdetermi-
nantsofforest–waterconnection,forestwaterquality,andclimatechangeissuesfor
forested catchments. Further, the maintenance of good or high ecological status of
waterbodiesofforestcatchmentscouldbemadeeasierbyapplyingstrategicforest
development plans for preserving high-quality drainage waters with lowered nutri-
ent/pesticide/sediments.
The sixth chapter, titled “Assessment of Groundwater Quality In And Around
Nemawar, Madhya Pradesh, India,” deals with the hydrochemistry of groundwater
and derives cause and effect relationship between agriculture practices and the
generationofnitrogenous,phosphatic,andpotassiccompoundsleavingtheagricul-
turesystemandenteringintothedomainofsubsurfacewater.Also,subsurfacewater
having a high concentration of nitrate, potash, and phosphate is recommended for
Preface vii
irrigation as a substitute for the fertilizers. This recycling may lead to an improve-
mentinthequalityofsubsurfacewater.
Theseventhchaptertitled“HydrologicalResponseofFactorsAffectingRainfall
WaterDischargeandWaterBalance:ACaseStudyofTonsWatershed”focuseson
theunderstandingofthehydrologicalprocessessuchasdischargeandsedimentflux
ofawatershedandsustainableexploitationofthewaterresource.Further,itrecom-
mendsthattheoutcomeswillbeworthwhileinplanningtoreducetheinflowofsilt
into the reservoir, conserve soil, and minimize runoff in the extreme rainfall years
and suggests the formulation of strategies to planners and engineers to control
erosionandlandslidesforwatershedmanagementonaprecursorybasis.
The eighth chapterentitled “Water Quality Status of the Narmada River Across
ItsBasin:PredictingWaterQualityUsingArtificialNeuralNetwork”discussesthe
useofartificialneuralnetwork(ANN)modelforpredictingriverwaterqualityand
advantagesandsuggeststhatthemodelcanbeusedtopredictthechemicaloxygen
demand (COD) category, i.e., high COD level and low COD level with 85.71%
accuracy. The study showcases the ability of the ANN to perform the prediction
modelingofariver.
The ninth chapter titled “Rain Water Harvesting Methods in Rajasthan” deals
withtherainwaterpotentialstoincreasethegroundwaterlevel.Tomeetthedemands
of water, it is suggested that the surface and groundwater resources should be
recharged with the help of rainwater. The water has a neutral pH and it is free
from other dissolved impurities. Rainwater harvesting is one of the environmental
sound techniques that could be carried out at an individual level. Cities with low
annual rainfall should develop a neat setup of their drains as they provide a large
catchmentarea.
The tenth chapter, titled “Groundwater Exploration Using Remote Sensing and
GIS Techniques Coupled With Vertical Electrical Soundings From Hard Rock
Terrain:ACaseStudyInSalemDistrict,SouthernIndia,”discussestheapplication
of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques
coupled with geophysical techniques in the exploration and assessment of ground-
water especially in hard rock terrain as it is crucial for successful implementation.
Also, it is suggested that the use of high-resolution remotely sensed data, identifi-
cation of features pertinent to hydrological, geological, and geo-morphological
parameters, preparation of corresponding thematic maps, assigning appropriate
weights, and integration in GIS environment ensure and enhance the prediction
accuracyoflocationofpromisingzonesofgroundwaterpotential.
Theeleventhchaptertitled“ManagementofCoalFlyAsh Leachates Generated
From Disposal Sites Near Thermal Power Plants” focuses on the fly ash disposal
method by the Thermal Power Authorities. This method should be chosen on the
basis of climate and geological strata, groundwater table, and position of surface
waterbodiesfromthedisposalsite,andregularmonitoringofwaterqualitynearthe
disposal site must be carried out in and around the Thermal Power disposal sites.
Further, regular monitoring of water quality near the disposal site and planning of
remediationmeasuresshouldbetakenaccordingly.
viii Preface
The twelfth chapter, titled “Assessment of Water Quality by Evaluating Water
Quality Index Over Kolkata Using Statistical Approach—A Step Towards Water
Pollution Management,” describes the assessment of water quality by evaluating
water quality index. For this purpose, the analysis of different physicochemical
parameters is considered. From the analysis of the parameters, a distinct seasonal
variabilityhasbeenobserved.Inadditiontothat,waterqualityhasbeenmonitored
through the calculation of water quality index, and the stakeholders can take
necessaryactionsaccordinglytodealwith.
Thethirteenthchaptertitled“AssessmentofWaterQualityofRamgangaRiverin
MoradabadRegion”discussestheassessmentofthewaterqualityoftheRamganga
RiverintheprovinceofUttarPradesh;thewaterqualityoftheriverhasdeteriorated
severelyduetothedischargeofdomesticwastewaterandeffluentsfrommetal,food,
paper, and sugar industries in and around the region. The water quality has been
assessedintermsofthedissolvedoxygen,fecalcontamination,BOD,pH,andTDS,
on the samples taken during the summer, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter
season.Thewaterqualityhasbeenassessedandmajordeterminantsresponsiblefor
water pollution have been identified. Also, a comprehensive remedial method is
proposed with great emphasis on the monitoring of the river flow through satellite
imagery and assessment of its water quality on a real-time basis. The assessment
resultsshouldbeputinthepublicdomaintomakepeopleawareandresponsible.
The fourteenth chapter titled “Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Indian
RiversinTermsofWaterQualityIndex(WQI)”focusesonacomprehensivereview
of water quality of Indian rivers and can provide an effective approach for the
assessment and management of water quality. Further, the water quality index
(WQI) as a mathematical tool is suggested to access the river water quality which
isusefulforthedecision-makersandstakeholderstoanalyzethewaterqualityeasily.
Water quality assessment has been performed on many Indian rivers in terms of
WQI, and the suitability of water resources for human consumption has been
addressed.
The fifteenth chapter titled “Groundwater Quality Assessment in a Semi-Arid
BlockofRajasthan,lndia:ACombinedApproachofFuzzyAggregationTechnique
with GIS” deals with the overall assessment of the status of groundwater quantity,
quality,anditssustainabilityattheregionallevel.Further,itdiscussesafuzzy-based
GWstatusassessmentframeworkthatcanbeusedtoquantifytheseverityleveland
identify the spatial regions of critical importance in terms of sustainability. The
proposedGIS-integratedfuzzyindexmodelhasbeenfoundtobeanefficienttoolin
preparing priority maps of the chosen region (irrespective of the size) that can be
usedby decision-makers directly togetabroad perspectiveofa given GW quality
andquantityproblem.
Thesixteenthchaptertitled“AssessmentofGroundwaterQualityParametersfor
DrinkingPurposeUsingIDW,GISandStatisticalAnalysisMethods:ACaseStudy
ofBasalticHardRockAreainMaheshRiverBasin,AkolaandBuldhanaDistricts”
focuses on the selected groundwater quality parameters for drinking and irrigation
purposesinthebasaltichardrockareaandregularlygroundwaterqualityanalysisis
neededforhuman,animal,andsustainableagriculturedevelopment.Italsosuggests
Preface ix
thatmoderntoolsandsoftwareareplayingaverysignificantroleintheprocessingof
groundwaterqualitythematicmapsandplotting,whichareusefulintheplanningof
drinkingandirrigationpurposes.
Theseventeenthchapter,titled“EvaluationofHydro-MeteorologicalConditions
and Water Resource Potential for a Coalfield Area of Damodar Valley, India,”
discussestheassessmentofthehydro-meteorologicalconditionsandunderstanding
of the natural groundwater recharge potentials in a coalfield area. Further besides
rainfall, the mine water discharge from the local mining areas and existing water
bodies, including water logged in abundant mine quarries, also contributes to the
groundwaterrechargeasreturnflow.
Theeighteenthchapter,titled“DistributionandStatisticalSourceIdentificationof
HeavyMetalsandRadionuclidesinSoil:ACaseStudyFromaProposedUranium
MiningSite,Jharkhand,India,”describestheassessmentofthemetalcontamination
in the soil with the help of indices like enrichment factor and geo-accumulation
index.Also,regularmonitoringofsoilsamplesinthevicinityoftheminingareasis
recommendedsoastoknowthepost-miningeffectwithrespecttoradionuclideand
metals, and human health risk assessment is also suggested due to the exposure of
theradionuclidesandmetalsinthesoilthroughtheingestion,dermal,andinhalation
pathways.
The nineteenth chapter titled “Conclusions and Recommendations for ‘Water
Quality,AssessmentandManagementinIndia’”summarizesthemainconclusions
and recommendations from all chapters in addition to an update of the significant
literaturethatisconnectedtothethemesofthebook.
TheeditorswanttothankandacknowledgetheeffortsprovidedbytheSpringer
teamtomakethisbookareality.
Thevolumeeditorswouldbehappytoreceiveanycommentstofurtherimprove
future editions. Comments, feedback, suggestions for further improvement, and
proposalfornewchaptersfornexteditionsarewelcomeandshouldbesentdirectly
tothevolumeeditors.
Bhopal,India ShaliniYadav
Zagazig,Egypt AbdelazimM.Negm
Bhopal,India RamNarayanYadava
April2020
