Water Policy Allocation and Management in Practice

381 Pages·1996·9.71 MB·English

by  P. Howsam

Water Policy:
Allocation and Management
in Practice

Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
Water Policy:
Allocation and
Management in
Practice
Proceedings of International Conference on
Water Policy, held at Cranfield University,
23–24 September 1996.
Edited by
P.Howsam and R.C.Carter
Silsoe College, Cranfield University,
Silsoe, Bedforshire, UK
E & FN SPON
An Imprint of Chapman & Hall
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Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
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First edition 1996

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

© 1996 E & FN Spon

ISBN 0-203-47674-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-78498-7 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0 419 21650 2 (Print Edition)
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This book has been produced from camera ready copy by the individual
contributors in order to make the book available for the conference.
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SECTION 1: WATER ALLOCATION
POLICY RESPONSES TO THE CLOSURE OF WATER RESOURCES:
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES
J.A.ALLAN
WATER POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN BANGLADESH
M.I.HAQUE
POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE WATER SECTOR—THE SOUTH AFRICAN
EXPERIENCE
L.J.ABRAMS
PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION IN THE EUPHRATES-TIGRIS BASIN
A.KIBAROGLU
COMPUTER AIDED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR WATER STRATEGIC
PLANNING IN JORDAN
B.A.Al-KLOUB and T.T.AL-SHEMMERI
THEORY AND PRACTICE IN IRRIGATION WATER ALLOCATION IN THE UK
E.K.WEATHERHEAD
SECTION 2: WATER RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES—THE NEED FOR REGIONAL CONTINENTAL AND
GLOBAL ASSESSMENTS—AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
T.E.EVANS
A MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO NATIONAL WATER SCARCITY
B.G.APPELGREN
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN ENGLAND & WALES
J.SHERRIFF
‘FOUR WATERS’ CONCEPT IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
T.HANUMANTHA RAO
SPANISH WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT:
THE CASE OF WATER TRANSFERS
E.LOPEZ-GUNN
WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTH-EASTERN
BADIA, JORDAN
J.DOTTRIDGE and B.GIBBS
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
SECTION 3: ENVIRONMENT & WATER QUALITY
GROUNDWATER RESOURCE DEGRADATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR
ANALYSIS, WITH EXAMPLES FROM CHINA AND PALESTINE
R.J.GRIMBLE and G.GASS, D.R.C.GREY, B.ADAMS, A.M.MACDONALD
and R.CALOW
URBAN GROUNDWATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT—PRIORITIES FOR
DEVELOPING CITIES
S.S.D.FOSTER, A.R.LAWRENCE and B.L.MORRIS
FRAMEWORK OF WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION POLICIES IN THE
SULTANATE OF OMAN
A.A.ADAWI and N.M.SOMARATNE
A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY STUDY CASE:
THE NILE RIVER
R.KHOUZAM
WATER QUALITY PROTECTION POLICY AND INTEGRATED
AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES IN
LITHUANIA
A.GUTKAUSKAS
PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES—A CATCHMENT APPROACH
P.R.HODSON and R.A.JARMAN
SECTION 4: WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS OF IRRIGATION WATER
DELIVERY POLICIES
L.HORST
TO METER OR NOT TO METER; THAT IS THE QUESTION
H.WESTERLUND
EFFECTIVE AND TRANSPARENT STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY
WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
R.C.CARTER, S.F.TYRREL and P.HOWSAM
WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN DELTA EGYPT: THE MIS-MATCHED
PATTERNS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
L.RADWAN
EVOLUTION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN FINLAND TENTATIVE
IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
T.S.KATKO and P.E.PIETILD
UNDERSTANDING WATER SUPPLY CONTROL IN CANAL
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
B.A.LANKFORD and J.GOWING
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
SECTION 5: WATER ECONOMICS
THE VALUE OF WATER VALUATION
J.T.WINPENNY
INSTITUTIONS IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: INSIGHTS
FROM NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS
I.D.CARRUTHERS and J.A.MORRISON
WATER AND ECONOMICS—WHAT DOES EXPERIENCE TEACH US SO FAR?
C.H.GREEN
SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT THROUGH COST
RECOVERY SYSTEM
M.ASAD UZ ZAMAN
WATER POLICY: ECONOMIC THEORY AND POLITICAL REALITY
J.MORRIS
PAYING FOR WATER
H.JACKSON, MP
SECTION 6: WATER POLITICS
THE POLITICS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
P.P.MOLLINGA and C.J.M.VAN STRAATEN
POLITICAL DECENTRALISATION AND RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
A.NICOL
MANAGING WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CUNENE
RIVER BASIN
P.S.HEYNS
WATER CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
A.MEDZINI
TRANS-BOUNDARY WATER POLICY COORDINATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY
S.NETANYAHU
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
A.S.TOLENTINO, JR
SECTION 7: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER PROJECTS
L.MARTIN
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: SHARING
EXTERNAL SUPPORT AGENCY POLICIES AND PRACTICES
D.SAUNDERS, E.DE LANGE, AND J.T.VISSCHER
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
B.JOHANSSON
PRIVATE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE LOWER INDUS: POLICY
ISSUES
L.E.D.SMITH and P.A.PATHAN
TOWARDS THE 21ST CENTURY—BUILDING INSTITUTIONS FOR IMPROVED
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER
M HVIDT
THE SELECTION OF AN ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR THE
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION IN JORDAN
B.A.AL-KLOUB and T.T.AL-SHEMMERI
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TRANSFER: PRESSURES FOR! CONSTRAINTS
AGAINST!
D.C.MARSHALL
SECTION 8: WATER USERS
KEY ISSUES IN IMPROVING PEOPLE’S HEALTH THROUGH WATER AND
SANITATION
J.LANE
IMPROVING WATER DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT IN
COMMUNITY SUPPLY SYSTEMS
E.QUIROGA, G.GAL VIS, C.J.GARAVITO, E.PINTO and J.T.VISSCHER
A CHILD’S RIGHT TO WATER: THE CASE OF METERING
C.J.CUNINGHAME and S.K.LAWS
CLOSING A WATER RESOURCE: SOME POLICY CONSIDERATIONS
B. & L.CHATTERTON
ALLOWING LOCAL PEOPLE TO COPE WITH CHANGE AND TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR SUSTAINING THEIR GROUNDWATER SOURCES
D.M.BALL
WATER LAW, WATER RIGHTS AND WATER POLICY
P.HOWSAM

Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
FOREWORD
By the Rt Hon Baroness Chalker of Wallasey
Minister for Overseas Development
Population growth and economic expansion are putting ever increasing demands
on the quantity and quality of available water resources in most countries. Growing
water scarcity highlights the importance of improving water policy, so that resources
are managed in an integrated way whilst taking into account the social and economic
value of water in different uses as well as its environmental impact. More efficient
management of scarce water resources will increasingly require the reallocation of
water from low value uses to high value uses, a greater emphasis on recycling and
reducing wastage, and proper pricing policies to match demand to supply.
Improvement in water policy usually requires reform of institutional arrangements,
which often means overcoming political, organisational or social obstacles. The role
of Governments is changing from provision of supply to the facilitation and
coordination of service delivery. This includes the establishment of policies and
regulatory frameworks in order to ensure the better allocation of natural resources
and to help mobilise non-Government resources. This may entail a greater
involvement of the private sector but market mechanisms must be balanced with
legislation to ensure that both the environment and disadvantaged groups are fully
protected and benefits are fully realised.
Water projects are a central element of the ODA’s strategy of improving the quality
of life for people in poorer countries by contributing to sustainable development and
reducing poverty and suffering. Water is essential for life, yet 1.3 billion people do not
have access to safe supplies. While striving to address these needs, water projects must
also seek to support the implementation of improved water policies that promote
more efficient resource management in the light of growing water scarcity.
I welcome Silsoe College’s initiative in organising an International Conference
on “Water Policy: Allocation and Management in Practice”. It provides an opportunity
to exchange insights gained in implementing water policy reform, and to examine
the application of the principles of integrated water policy which have been developed
in the light of experience.
The papers presented come from many parts of the world and cover many different
aspects of water policy implementation, ranging from strategic resource planning at
an international level through to specific studies of water use. They rightly embrace
the full range of political, legal, economic, technical, social and institutional
considerations of putting policy into practice.
This compilation of papers shows that substantial scope already exists for learning
from good practice in implementing new water policy approaches. It also indicates
that there is still plenty of room for improvement if we are to meet the challenges
ahead, and meet them we must!
Chalker of Wallasey
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.
PREFACE

As demands on finite water resources grow, so does the need for reasoned debate on
water policy. The universal need for water makes such debate as relevant to the
domestic consumer in a town in the Netherlands or a village in Namibia, the irrigation
farmer in Bangladesh or Britain, and the Government Minister in Israel or India.
Harmony between competing uses and users depends on mutually agreed water
policy, and sound implementation of that policy. However policy formulation does
not always include full consideration of the practical implications for effective
implementation. Moreover, the ability to implement policies in an integrated manner
is often lacking. This may be due to inadequate policy formulation in the first place,
but it is often compounded by limited cooperation between professions and
organisations.
This book examines successes and failures in the practical implementation of
water policies. It describes water policies and their implementation at local, regional,
national, and international levels and in all sub-sectors—domestic, industrial,
agricultural and environmental uses of water. In all cases attempts have been made
to derive lessons which cross disciplines, geographical boundaries, and levels,
concerning successful policy implementation. The book will therefore be of interest
to policy makers as well as policy implementers, and to a wide range of disciplines
including management, planning, engineering, sciences, economics, law,
administration, and politics.
1 Water allocation
The primary role of policy is to allocate water between competing uses and users.
This essentially political activity involves people: individuals and their aspirations;
communities and their multiple requirements; and nations, whose power struggles
can involve access, or denial of access, to water. In the current situation of finite and
often limited water resources Allan advocates the concept of virtual water, i.e. that
water should be considered not just directly but as a component of many other
commodities. This opens up new options for water allocation, that will however
require better cooperation between the wider range of professionals involved. The
importance of cooperation is taken up by Haque in an analysis of water policy in
Bangladesh. He argues that integration and water user participation are essential
elements in policy formulation and implementation. Abrams describes the new
social and political situation in South Africa and how it is providing an exciting and
unique opportunity to review institutional and legal aspects of water policy and
allocation in that country. The benefits of cooperation over conflict with respect to
water allocation are promoted by Kibaroglu. In this case the discussion is at the
international level, between the neighboring States of Turkey and Syria. Al-Kloub
and Al-Shemmeri tackle the subject at a practical level by proposing, with reference
to Jordan, the use of a strategic planning tool which can balance a range of issues
when considering water allocation priorities. The allocation problems faced in the
irrigation sector in the UK are described by Weatherhead, who points out the
mixed benefits of the current licensing system.
Copyright 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group. All Rights Reserved.