Water - Energy - Food Nexus Narratives and Resource Securities: A Global South Perspective

333 Pages·2022·18.365 MB·English

by  Tafadzwa Mabhaudhi, Aidan Senzanje, Albert T. Modi, Graham Jewitt, Festo Massawe

Water - Energy - Food
Nexus Narratives and
Resource Securities
A Global South Perspective
Edited by
Tafadzwa Mabhaudhi
Centre forTransformative Agriculturaland Food Systems(CTAFS), School of Agricultural, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; International Water
Management Institute(IWMI-GH) e West AfricaOffice, Accra, Ghana
Aidan Senzanje
School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal,SouthAfrica;
Centre for Water Resources Research, College of Agriculture,
Engineering and Science,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Albert Modi
Centre forTransformative Agriculturaland Food Systems(CTAFS), School of Agricultural, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Graham Jewitt
IHE Delft Institutefor Water Education, Delft,the Netherlands;
Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands;
Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural,Earthand Environmental Sciences,
University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
Festo Massawe
School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Seminyih, Malaysia;Centre for
Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems (CTAFS),School of Agricultural, Earth andEnvironmental
Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Contributors
Yousif Abdalla Abakr Department of Mechanical, Materials and
ManufacturingEngineering, University ofNottinghamMalaysia,
Semenyih,Selangor, Malaysia
Youssef Almulla Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of
Technology, Sweden
Nelson Chanza Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of
Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Tendai P. Chibarabada Waternet, MtPleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Timothy Dube Institute for Water Studies, Department of Earth Sciences,
University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
JafaruM.Egieya ARUACentreofExcellenceinEnergy,CentreforRenewable
and SustainableEnergyStudies,Facultyof Engineering,Stellenbosch
University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
B. Fakudze International Water Management Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng,
South Africa
Laura Forni U.S. Water Program, Stockholm Environment Institute, Davis,
CA,United States
Francesco Fuso-Nerini U.S. Water Program, Stockholm Environment
Institute, Somerville,MA, United States
Neill Goosen ARUA Centre of Excellence in Energy, Centre for Renewable
and SustainableEnergyStudies,Facultyof Engineering,Stellenbosch
University,Stellenbosch,SouthAfrica;DepartmentofProcessEngineering,
FacultyofEngineering,StellenboschUniversity,Stellenbosch,SouthAfrica
JohannGörgens DepartmentofProcessEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,
Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Christoph Hinske System Leadership & Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, School
of Finance andAccounting,SAXION University ofApplied Sciences,
Enschede, Netherlands
Annette Huber-Lee U.S. Water Program, Stockholm Environment Institute,
Somerville, MA, United States
I.Jacobs-Mata InternationalWaterManagementInstitute,Pretoria,Gauteng,
South Africa
Michael G. Jacobson School of Forest Resources, Department of Ecosystem
Science and Management, PennsylvaniaState University, University Park,
PA, United States
xiii
xiv Contributors
Kidane Jembere Global Water Partnership Southern Africa, Pretoria, South
Africa
Graham Jewitt IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the
Netherlands;Centre for Water Resources Research, SchoolofAgricultural,
Earth andEnvironmental Sciences, University ofKwaZulu-Natal (UKZN),
Pietermaritzburg,South Africa; Civil Engineering andGeosciences, Delft
University of Technology, Delft, TheNetherlands; Centre for Water
Resources Research,Collegeof Agriculture, Engineering and Science,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Brian Joyce U.S. Water Program, Stockholm Environment Institute,
Somerville, MA, United States
Patrice Kandolo Kabeya Southern African Development Community
Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana
Zolo Kiala Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems
(CTAFS), SchoolofAgricultural, Earth andEnvironmentalSciences,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa;Origins
Center, School: Geography,Archaeology andEnvironmental Studies,
University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa
Jean-Marie Kileshye-Onema Waternet, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe;
Schoolof IndustrialEngineers, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi,
DR Congo
Krasposy K. Kujinga Waternet, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Shamiso Kumbirai Global Water Partnership Southern Africa, Pretoria,
South Africa
AlexM.Lechner LincolnCentreforWaterandPlanetaryHealth,Universityof
Lincoln,Lincoln, United Kingdom; Schoolof Environmental and
Geographical Sciences, University ofNottingham Malaysia,Semenyih,
Selangor, Malaysia;MonashUniversity Indonesia, TangerangBanten,
Indonesia
Stanley Liphadzi Water Research Commission of South Africa (WRC),
Pretoria,South Africa; School ofEnvironmentalSciences,University of
Venda,Thohoyandou,Limpopo, South Africa
GodenMabaya Waternet, MtPleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
TafadzwanasheMabhaudhi CentreforTransformativeAgriculturalandFood
Systems(CTAFS), Schoolof Agricultural, Earthand Environmental
Sciences, University ofKwaZulu-Natal,Pietermaritzburg, South Africa;
InternationalWaterManagementInstitute(IWMI-GH),WestAfricaOffice,
Accra,Ghana;CentreforWaterResourcesResearch,SchoolofAgricultural,
Earth andEnvironmental Sciences, University ofKwaZulu-Natal (UKZN),
Pietermaritzburg,South Africa; International WaterManagement Institute,
West Africa Regional Office, Accra, Ghana; International Water
Management Institute (IWMI),Accra,Ghana
Contributors xv
Hodson Makurira Department of Construction and Civil Engineering,
University of Zimbabwe, Harare Zimbabwe
N. Masekwana Agricultural Research Council e Natural Resources &
Engineering, Pretoria,Gauteng,South Africa
Sara Masia IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands;
CMCC Foundation e Euro-MediterraneanCentre on Climate Change,
IAFES Division, Sassari, Italy
Festo Massawe School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia,
Semenyih,Selangor, Malaysia;Centre for TransformativeAgricultural and
Food Systems (CTAFS), SchoolofAgricultural, Earth andEnvironmental
Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg,South Africa
Dumisani Mndzebele Southern African Development Community
Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana
Albert Modi Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems
(CTAFS), SchoolofAgricultural, Earth andEnvironmental Sciences,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg,South Africa
Sylvester Mpandeli Water Research Commission of South Africa (WRC),
Pretoria,South Africa; Facultyof Science, Engineering and Agriculture,
UniversityofVenda,Thohoyandou,SouthAfrica;SchoolofEnvironmental
Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
M. Mudhara School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg,South Africa
Never Mujere Department of Geography, Geospatial Science and Earth
Observation, University ofZimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare,Zimbabwe
Maysoun A. Mustafa School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham
Malaysia, Semenyih,Selangor, Malaysia
Onisimo Mutanga Discipline of Geography, School of Agricultural, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Dhesigen Naidoo Water Research Commission of South Africa (WRC),
Pretoria,South Africa
LuxonNhamo WaterResearchCommissionofSouthAfrica(WRC),Pretoria,
South Africa
Shamiso P. Nhamo Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Pretoria,Hatfield, Pretoria,South Africa
Moses Ntlamelle Southern African Development Community Secretariat,
Gaborone, Botswana
M.O. Phahlane Agricultural Research Council e Natural Resources &
Engineering, Pretoria,Gauteng,South Africa
Camilo Ramirez Gomez Division of Nergy Systems KTH-dEH, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm,Switzerland
Duncan Samikwa Southern African Development Community Secretariat,
Gaborone, Botswana
xvi Contributors
Aidan Senzanje Bioresources Engineering Programme, School of
Engineering,University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN),Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa;Centre for WaterResources Research, College ofAgriculture,
Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa
Alex Simalabwi Global Water Partnership Southern Africa, Pretoria, South
Africa
Gareth Simpson Jones andWagenerEngineering Associates, Pretoria, South
Africa
JanezSu(cid:1)snik IHEDelftInstituteforWaterEducation,Delft,TheNetherlands
AndrewTakawira GlobalWaterPartnershipSouthernAfrica,Pretoria,South
Africa
Andrew Huey Ping Tan School of Intelligent Manufacturing Ecosystem,
XJTLU EntrepreneurCollege (Taicang),Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,People’s Republic of China
L. Tirivamwe School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
S.Walker AgriculturalResearchCouncileNaturalResources&Engineering,
Pretoria,Gauteng,South Africa; Department ofSoil, Crop & Climate
Sciences,UniversityoftheFreeState,Bloemfontein,FreeState,SouthAfrica
Sally Williams U.S. Water Program, Stockholm Environment Institute,
Somerville, MA, United States
Eng Hwa Yap School of Robotics, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang),
Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,People’s Republic of
China
Foreword
Dhesigen Naidoo
We live in an age of paradox. Never before have we have such a comprehensive toolbox. Science and
technology have afforded us a level of local and global connectivity unimagined in history. There is
hardly a village in the world, even in the most rural and extreme settings, which does not have some
levelofaccesstotheinformationsuperhighway.Itisestimatedthat4.66billionpeoplehaveInternet
access, and 4.32 billion people haveaccess toamobile device.
And yet, at the same time, UN-Water reminds us that 2 billion people stilldo not have access to safe
water, and 3.66 billion need improved sanitation. Nearly half the schools in the world have no safe
handwashing facilities. UNICEF estimates that 700 under-5’s die each day from diarrheal diseases
relatedtounsafewaterandsanitation.Infact,intheworld’smajorconflictzones,under-5’sare20times
more likelyto diefrom ailments related touncleanwater than the conflict itself.
Inthedomainoffoodsecurity,wehaveseentheCOVID-19pandemicpushbackonvitalgainsasallthe
majorstatisticsshowingincreases.Wenowhave811mor9.9%oftheglobalpopulationsufferingfrom
hunger(upfrom8.4%in2019).Withthecontinuedpandemic,thisnumberisrising.AstheUNFood
Summit has now passed, we are still faced with the reality that 2.3 billion people do not have year-
round access to food and are food insecure. When we delve into the domain of nutritional security
andmalnutritional, this number enters the realm ofalarming.
Globalaccesstoenergyinitiativeshasmadegreatgains.However,by2019theIEA,IRENAandtheUN
Systemestimatedthat759millionpeoplestilldidnothaveaccesstoreliableenergy.Some2.6billion
stilldidnothaveaccesstocleancookingfacilities.Wealsoknowthatthisnumberwillincreasefurther
on the back of the new burdens introduced by COVID-19. There are potentially further challenges to
achieving the Just Transition from a fossil fueledominated energy system to a low-carbon global
economy.
It is abundantly clear that new approaches have to dominate the recovery from the pandemic and
catalyze the actions needed to get close to the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Key among
xvii
xviii Foreword
them is the coordinated and resource optimization approach encapsulated in
thewatereenergyefoodnexus.Thisprimerisanimportantglobalresourceto
assistinthethinking,planning,andimplementationjourneyofthenexus,very
importantly adopting the lens of the GlobalSouth.
The opening chapters examine the basis of the paradigm of the nexus. The
nature of the interrelatedness of these very different sectors supplements the
anthropocentricperspectiveswithanecosystemperspective.Thenexuspolitics
andeconomicsareunpackedpractically,asarethefundamentalrequirements,
includingdataandknowledgesystems,capacities,andcapabilitiesrequiredto
realizethenexusimplementation.Theimplicationsofclimatechangeandthe
nexusasanacceleratoroftheSDGsspecificallyandtheSustainableAgenda,in
general, are explored. Case studies from across the Global South illustratethe
key challenges and solutions in the nexus approach going from catchment to
international river basinscales.
This book concludes by describing a potential operationalization pathway
designed to stimulate more innovative thinking and actions and deepen and
expandtheglobalepistemiccommunityofpracticeinthisdomainaswebuild
the bridge between science and implementation in the watereenergyefood
nexus.
CHAPTER 1
e e
The water energy food nexus: its
transition into a transformative approach
SylvesterMpandeli1,2,Luxon Nhamo1,Aidan Senzanje3,GrahamJewitt4,5,
Albert Modi6,Festo Massawe6,7 and Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi6,8,9
1WaterResearchCommissionofSouthAfrica(WRC),Pretoria,SouthAfrica;2FacultyofScience,
EngineeringandAgriculture,UniversityofVenda,Thohoyandou,SouthAfrica;3CentreforWater
ResourcesResearch,CollegeofAgriculture,EngineeringandScience,UniversityofKwaZulu-
Natal,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica;4IHEDelftInstituteforWaterEducation,Delft,the
Netherlands;5CentreforWaterResourcesResearch,CollegeofAgriculture,Engineeringand
Science,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica;6Centrefor
TransformativeAgriculturalandFoodSystems(CTAFS),SchoolofAgricultural,Earthand
EnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica;7Schoolof
Biosciences,UniversityofNottinghamMalaysia,Semenyih,Selangor,Malaysia;8International
WaterManagementInstitute(IWMI-GH),WestAfricaOffice,Accra,Ghana;9CentreforWater
ResourcesResearch,SchoolofAgricultural,EarthandEnvironmentalSciences,Universityof
KwaZulu-Natal(UKZN),Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica
1. Introduction
The watereenergyefood (WEF) nexus has grown into an important transfor-
mative and circular approach since 2011 when it was presented at the World
EconomicForumbytheStockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)inanticipation
oftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),whichcameintoeffectin2015
(FAO, 2014; Hoff, 2011; UNGA, 2015). This was the same period when the
SDGswerebeingformulatedinresponsetothecontinuedinsecurityofwater,
energy, and food resources (FAO, 2014; Liphadzi et al., 2021). The three re-
sources,termedWEFresources,arevitalforhumanwell-being,povertyreduc-
tion, and sustainable development, the reason why all the 17 SDGs are
developed around the three resources (Mabhaudhi et al., 2021; UNGA,
2015). The need for the formulation of the SDGs mainly around the WEF re-
sources was also motivated by global projections indicating that the demand
for the three resources will increase significantly in the coming years due to
populationgrowth,economicdevelopment,internationaltrade,urbanization,
diversifying diets, depletion of natural resources, technological advances, and
climatechange(FAO,2014;Hoff,2011).Thisishappeningatatimewhenre-
sourcesaredepletingduetoclimatechange(Mpandelietal.,2018).Asaresult,
1
Water-Energy-FoodNexusNarrativesandResourceSecurities.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91223-5.00004-6
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.