Table Of ContentWater Conservation in the Era
of Global Climate Change
Water Conservation in the Era
of Global Climate Change
Edited by
Binota Thokchom
Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology,
Guwahati, India; Department of Forestry and Environmental Science,
Manipur University, Imphal, India
Pengpeng Qiu
State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer
Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering,
Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
Pardeep Singh
Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College,
University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Parameswar K. Iyer
Department of Chemistry and Centre for Nanotechnology,
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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Contents
List of contributors...............................................................................................xv
Biographies..........................................................................................................xix
Preface.................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1:Impact of climate change and water quality degradation
on food security and agriculture............................................................. 1
Priyanshu Gupta, Janhavi Singh, Sunita Verma, Amit Singh Chandel
and Rajeev Bhatla
1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................1
1.2 Climate change......................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Precursors of climate change......................................................................2
1.2.2 Current scenario of global climate change..................................................3
1.3 Water quality degradation......................................................................................4
1.3.1 Basic parameters of water quality...............................................................5
1.3.2 Precursors and adverse effects of water quality degradation.......................6
1.3.3 Current status of global water quality degradation......................................6
1.4 Global food security..............................................................................................9
1.4.1 Components of food security....................................................................10
1.4.2 Assessment of food security......................................................................12
1.4.3 Factors affecting food security..................................................................12
1.5 Impact of climate change and degrading water quality on agriculture.................13
1.5.1 Impact of climate change on agriculture...................................................15
1.5.2 Impact of water quality degradation on agriculture...................................18
1.6 Conclusion...........................................................................................................20
References...................................................................................................................21
v
vi Contents
Chapter 2:Groundwater extractions and climate change........................................ 23
Rahul Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Pinki Rani Agrawal, Ittishree,
Chankit and Gaurav Gupta
2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................23
2.2 Groundwater sources: global distribution, quality, and uses.................................26
2.3 Impact of urbanization and industrialization on ground water sources.................28
2.4 Groundwater extractions and climate change.......................................................30
2.5 Management of groundwater sources...................................................................33
2.6 Concluding remarks: major challenges and future prospects................................36
References...................................................................................................................38
Chapter 3:Urban water-supply management: indirect issues of climate
change leading to water scarcity scenarios in developing and
underdeveloped nations....................................................................... 47
Nazia Talat
3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................47
3.2 Impacts of climate change on water resource.......................................................49
3.2.1 Impacts of climate change on water resources in developing and
underdeveloped nations.............................................................................50
3.3 Urban water-supply management.........................................................................52
3.4 Impacts of climate change on urban water-supply management...........................54
3.4.1 Reduced water availability........................................................................54
3.4.2 Water quality deterioration.......................................................................54
3.4.3 Increased runoff........................................................................................56
3.4.4 Increased salinization................................................................................56
3.4.5 Other issues..............................................................................................56
3.5 Mitigating the impacts of climate change on urban
water-supply management....................................................................................57
3.5.1 Mitigating reduced water availability........................................................57
3.5.2 Mitigating deterioration in water quality...................................................58
3.5.3 Mitigating salinization..............................................................................58
3.5.4 Application of various approaches to deal with
wastewater treatment.................................................................................59
3.5.5 Improvement in administration/management of water resources...............59
3.6 Climate change adaptations in case of urban water supply in developing
countries..............................................................................................................61
3.7 Conclusions.........................................................................................................65
References...................................................................................................................67
Contents vii
Chapter 4:Impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystem................................ 73
Gurudatta Singh, Anubhuti Singh, Priyanka Singh
and Virendra Kumar Mishra
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................73
4.1.1 Water and freshwater................................................................................74
4.1.2 Types of freshwater habitats.....................................................................74
4.1.3 Distribution of freshwater.........................................................................75
4.2 Influence of climate change on water resource....................................................76
4.2.1 Cause of climate change...........................................................................77
4.2.2 Climate change and the global hydrological cycle....................................77
4.3 Case studies of climate change impact on river water/river basin........................80
4.3.1 Case study 1: impact of climate change on Ganga, Hooghly,
Meghna, Mahanadi, and Brahmaputra River flowing in India
and Bangladesh.........................................................................................81
4.3.2 Case study 2: amplified flood hazard in Indian subcontinent
due to the warming climate.......................................................................82
4.4 Physicochemical influence of changing climate on freshwater resource..............83
4.4.1 Physical impacts.......................................................................................84
4.4.2 Chemical impact of climate change on freshwater resource......................90
4.5 Climate change trends and future impacts on freshwater.....................................94
4.6 Conclusion...........................................................................................................94
References...................................................................................................................95
Chapter 5:An overview of the potential impacts of global climate change
on water resources.............................................................................. 99
Aaditya Chaturvedi, Bhanu Pandey, Aneet Kumar Yadav
and Shubham Saroj
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................99
5.2 Global climate change.......................................................................................100
5.3 Components of climate change..........................................................................101
5.3.1 Earth’s orbital change.............................................................................102
5.3.2 Volcanic activity.....................................................................................102
5.3.3 Greenhouse gas emissions.......................................................................102
5.3.4 Changes in land use................................................................................103
5.4 Major effects of climate change.........................................................................103
5.4.1 Precipitation pattern................................................................................103
5.4.2 Water quality..........................................................................................105
5.4.3 Eutrophication.........................................................................................106
viii Contents
5.5 Effect of climate change on different water bodies............................................107
5.5.1 Rivers.....................................................................................................107
5.5.2 Costal lagoons and estuaries...................................................................108
5.5.3 Seas........................................................................................................108
5.5.4 Ground water..........................................................................................109
5.5.5 Surface water..........................................................................................112
5.5.6 Surface and subsurface hydrological interactions....................................113
5.5.7 Soil moisture and vadose zone................................................................114
5.5.8 Aquifer recharge.....................................................................................114
5.6 Climate change mitigation.................................................................................115
5.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................115
Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................116
References.................................................................................................................116
Chapter 6:Climatic controls on water resources and its management:
challenges and prospects of sustainable development
in Indian perspective..........................................................................121
Aditya Abha Singh and Arvind K. Singh
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................121
6.2 Hydrological cycle and climate change..............................................................122
6.3 Water resources of India....................................................................................124
6.3.1 Surface water resources..........................................................................124
6.3.2 Groundwater resources............................................................................125
6.4 Water consumption and its management............................................................126
6.4.1 Flood management and climate change...................................................128
6.4.2 Drought management and climate change...............................................129
6.4.3 Groundwater management and climate change.......................................131
6.5 Climate change impacts on water availability....................................................132
6.5.1 Water scarcity and food security.............................................................132
6.5.2 Water quality and groundwater contamination........................................133
6.5.3 Precipitation variability...........................................................................135
6.5.4 Loss of aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity............................................136
6.6 Challenges and prospects of sustainable development........................................137
6.6.1 Resource planning and strategy...............................................................139
6.6.2 Resource assessment and efficiency elevation.........................................139
6.6.3 Pollution and quality control...................................................................139
6.6.4 Climate change and environmental degradation......................................140
6.6.5 Legislation supporting water resources...................................................140
Contents ix
6.6.6 Research, education, and training............................................................140
6.6.7 Public participation, capacity building and
international cooperation.........................................................................140
6.7 Conclusion-looking ahead..................................................................................141
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................141
Conflict of Interests...................................................................................................141
References.................................................................................................................142
Chapter 7: Recent advances in nanotechnology for accomplishing
sustainable agriculture.......................................................................147
Swati Chaudhary, Niloy Sarkar and Mahima Kaushik
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................147
7.2 Agricultural problems........................................................................................148
7.2.1 Plant pathogens.......................................................................................149
7.2.2 Plant pests...............................................................................................150
7.3 Nanotechnology-based management of plant diseases.......................................151
7.3.1 Detection of plant diseases......................................................................153
7.4 Retention of soil moisture..................................................................................160
7.5 Conclusions and future directions......................................................................162
Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................163
References.................................................................................................................163
Chapter 8:Water, arsenic, and climate change.....................................................167
Bindiya Aribam, Wazir Alam and Binota Thokchom
8.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................167
8.2 Sources and occurrences....................................................................................168
8.3 Toxicity.............................................................................................................170
8.3.1 Acute and subacute toxicity....................................................................171
8.3.2 Chronic toxicity......................................................................................173
8.4 Speciation and mobility.....................................................................................175
8.4.1 Arsenic methylation................................................................................175
8.4.2 Effect of Eh(cid:1)pH.....................................................................................176
8.4.3 Adsorption on oxyhydroxides and arsenic mobility.................................176
8.5 Groundwater arsenic contamination...................................................................178
8.6 Climate change, groundwater, and arsenic contamination..................................179
8.6.1 Impact of climate change on groundwater arsenic contamination...........179
8.6.2 Impact of seasonal variation...................................................................180
8.7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................181
References.................................................................................................................186
x Contents
Chapter 9:An overview of nanotechnology in water treatment applications
and combating climate change.............................................................191
Ksh Priyalakshmi Devi and Harsh Chaturvedi
9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................191
9.2 Role of nanotechnology in water treatment........................................................192
9.2.1 Nanoadsorption.......................................................................................195
9.2.2 Membranes and membrane processes......................................................199
9.2.3 Photocatalysis.........................................................................................202
9.3 Role of nanotechnology to combat climate change............................................204
9.3.1 Lightweight nanocomposite materials.....................................................204
9.3.2 Nanocoatings..........................................................................................205
9.3.3 Nanocatalysts..........................................................................................205
9.3.4 Nanostructured materials.........................................................................205
9.3.5 Improved renewables..............................................................................206
9.3.6 Batteries..................................................................................................206
9.3.7 Nanotech sensors....................................................................................207
9.3.8 Harvesting CO .......................................................................................207
2
9.4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................208
References.................................................................................................................209
Chapter 10: Climate change: impact on waterborne infectious diseases.................213
Rehab A. Rayan, Moharana Choudhury, Mitrajit Deb,
Arghya Chakravorty, Rinku Moni Devi and Jyoti Mehta
10.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................213
10.2 The economic impacts of climate change........................................................214
10.3 Water resources...............................................................................................215
10.3.1 Recreational water..............................................................................215
10.3.2 Drinking water....................................................................................215
10.4 Intensive water-related climatic conditions......................................................216
10.4.1 Flood...................................................................................................216
10.4.2 Tsunami..............................................................................................217
10.4.3 Hurricane............................................................................................217
10.5 Climate change and vector-borne infectious diseases.......................................218
10.6 Climate change and some significant waterborne infectious microbes.............220
10.6.1 Cryptosporidium.................................................................................220
10.6.2 Cholera...............................................................................................221
10.7 Alleviating the impacts of climate change.......................................................222
10.8 Promoting population health during intense climatic events.............................224
