Water Centric Sustainable Communities: Planning, Retrofitting, and Building the Next Urban Environment

622 Pages·2010·11.183 MB·English

by  Vladimir Novotny, Jack Ahern, Paul Brown(auth.)

WATER CENTRIC
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
WATER CENTRIC
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
Planning, Retrofitting, and Building
the Next Urban Environment
Vladimir Novotny,
Jack Ahern, and
Paul Brown
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
CoverpicturecreditMalenaKarlsson,GlashusETT,Stockholm(Sweden)
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.(cid:3)∞
Copyright(cid:3)C 2010byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas
permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior
writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto
theCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],
fax[phone],oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission
shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,
Hoboken,NJ07030,[phone],fax[phone],oronlineatwww.wiley.com/go/permissions.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandtheauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts
inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor
completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof
merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales
representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable
foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor
theauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot
limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationaboutourotherproductsandservices,pleasecontactourCustomerCare
DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993or
fax[phone].
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay
notbeavailableinelectronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat
www.wiley.com.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Novotny,Vladimir,1938-
Watercentricsustainablecommunities:planning,retrofitting,andbuildingthenexturban
environment/VladimirNovotny,JohnAhern,PaulBrown.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-47608-6(cloth);ISBN978-0-470-64282-5(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-64283-2(ebk);
ISBN978-0-470-64284-9(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-94996-2(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-95169-9(ebk);
ISBN978-0-470-95193-4(ebk)
1.Municipalwatersupply. 2.Waterresourcesdevelopment. 3.Sustainabledevelopment.
4.Urbanrunoff–Management. 5.Watershedmanagement. I.Ahern,John,1949–
II.Brown,Paul,1944– III.Title.
TD346.N682010
628.109173(cid:4)2–dc22 2010005121
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xii
I HISTORICPARADIGMSOFURBANWATER/STORMWATER/
WASTEWATERMANAGEMENTANDDRIVERSFORCHANGE 1
I.1 Introduction / 1
I.2 HistoricParadigms:FromAncientCitiestothe20thCentury / 5
I.2.1 FirstParadigm / 8
I.2.2 SecondParadigm / 9
I.2.3 ThirdParadigm / 15
I.2.4 FourthParadigm / 25
I.2.5 TheImpactofAutomobileUse / 32
I.2.6 UrbanSprawl / 38
I.2.7 TheRiseofNewGreatPowersCompetingforResources / 40
I.3 DriversforChangetowardsSustainability / 42
I.3.1 PopulationIncreasesandPressures / 44
I.3.2 WaterScarcityProblemsandFloodingChallenges
ofLargeCities / 49
I.3.3 GreenhouseEmissionsandGlobalWarmingEffects / 51
I.3.4 AgingInfrastructureandtheNeedtoRebuildandRetrofit / 59
I.3.5 TheImpossibilityofMaintainingtheStatusQuoand
BusinessasUsual / 60
I.4 The21stCenturyandBeyond / 65
References / 68
II URBANSUSTAINABILITYCONCEPTS 72
II.1 TheVisionofSustainability / 72
II.2 TheSustainabilityConceptandDefinitions / 73
II.2.1 ANew(Fifth)ParadigmIsNeeded / 73
II.2.2 DefinitionofPollution / 76
II.2.3 SustainabilityDefinitions / 80
II.2.4 EconomicversusResourcesPreservationSustainability / 82
v
vi CONTENTS
II.2.5 SustainabilityComponents / 85
II.2.6 TheEnvironmentandEcology / 87
II.2.7 LivingwithintheLimitsintheUrbanLandscape / 90
II.2.8 TheEconomy / 94
II.3 TowardstheFifthParadigmofSustainability / 97
II.3.1 EmergingSustainableUrbanWater/Stormwater/Used
WaterSystems / 99
II.3.2 TripleBottomLine—LifeCycleAssessment
(TBL—LCA) / 104
II.3.3 WaterReclamationandReuse / 106
II.3.4 RestoringUrbanStreams / 108
II.3.5 StormwaterPollutionandFloodAbatement / 110
II.3.6 UrbanLandscape / 113
II.4 CitiesoftheFuture—WaterCentricEcocities / 114
II.4.1 DrainageandWaterManagement / 114
II.4.2 MicroscaleMeasuresandMacroscale
WatershedGoals / 116
II.4.3 IntegratedResourceManagementClusters—Ecoblocks
oftheCitiesoftheFuture / 120
II.4.4 InterconnectivityofClusters—SpatialIntegration / 123
II.5 Ecocity/EcovillageConcepts / 124
References / 129
III PLANNINGANDDESIGNFORSUSTAINABLEAND
RESILIENTCITIES:THEORIES,STRATEGIES,ANDBEST
PRACTICESFORGREENINFRASTRUCTURE 135
III.1 Introduction / 135
III.1.1 AchievingSustainability / 135
III.1.2 SustainabilitythroughUrbanPlanningandDesign / 137
III.2 EcosystemServices / 138
III.2.1 Concepts / 138
III.2.2 TheNon-EquilibriumParadigm / 141
III.3 PlanningforResilientandSustainableCities / 143
III.3.1 EcosystemServiceGoalsandAssessments / 143
III.3.2 ResilienceStrategies / 144
III.3.3 ScenarioPlanning / 155
III.3.4 TransdisciplinaryProcess / 157
III.3.5 AdaptivePlanning / 157
III.4 BestPracticesforGreenInfrastructure / 158
III.4.1 SEAStreetSeattle / 159
III.4.2 WestergasfabriekPark,Amsterdam / 162
III.4.3 StatenIslandBlueBelt,NewYork / 162
CONTENTS vii
III.4.4 Ecostaden(Ecocities):AugustenborgNeighborhood
andWesternHarbor,Malmo¨,Sweden / 164
III.5 Discussion / 170
References / 171
IV STORMWATERPOLLUTIONABATEMENTANDFLOOD
CONTROL—STORMWATERASARESOURCE 177
IV.1 UrbanStormwater—AProblemoranAsset? / 177
IV.1.1 ProblemswithUrbanStormwater / 177
IV.1.2 CurrentUrbanDrainage / 182
IV.1.3 UrbanStormwaterIsanAssetandaResource / 184
IV.1.4 LowImpactDevelopment(LID) / 186
IV.2 BestManagementPracticestoControlUrbanRunoffforReuse / 189
IV.2.1 SoftSurfaceApproaches / 190
IV.2.2 PondsandWetlands / 201
IV.2.3 WinterLimitationsonStormwaterManagement
andUse / 212
IV.2.4 HardInfrastructure / 216
IV.2.5 IDUrbanDrainage—ASteptotheCitiesoftheFuture / 218
References / 222
V WATERDEMANDANDCONSERVATION 228
V.1 WaterUse / 228
V.1.1 WateronEarth / 228
V.1.2 WaterUseFundamentals / 232
V.1.3 MunicipalWaterUseintheU.S.andWorldwide / 235
V.1.4 ComponentsofMunicipalWaterUse / 239
V.1.5 VirtualWater / 240
V.2 WaterConservation / 241
V.2.1 DefinitionofWaterConservation / 241
V.2.2 ResidentialWaterUse / 241
V.2.3 CommercialandPublicWaterUseandConservation / 249
V.2.4 LeaksandOtherLosses / 251
V.3 SubstituteandSupplementalWaterSources / 252
V.3.1 RainwaterHarvesting(RWH) / 252
V.3.2 GrayWaterReclamationandReuseasaSource
ofNewWater / 256
V.3.3 DesalinationofSeawaterandBrackishWater / 260
V.3.4 UrbanStormwaterandOtherFreshwaterFlowsas
SourcesofWater / 266
References / 268
viii CONTENTS
VI WATERRECLAMATIONANDREUSE 272
VI.1 Introduction / 272
VI.2 WaterReclamationandReuse / 274
VI.2.1 TheConcept / 274
VI.2.2 ReclaimingRainwaterandStormwater / 279
VI.2.3 Water-Sewage-WaterCycle—Unintended
Reuse / 280
VI.2.4 CentralizedversusDecentralizedReclamation / 281
VI.2.5 ClusterWaterReclamationUnits / 282
VI.3 WaterQualityGoalsandLimitsforSelecting
Technologies / 286
VI.3.1 Concepts / 286
VI.3.2 LandscapeandAgriculturalIrrigation / 289
VI.3.3 UrbanUsesOtherThanIrrigationandPotable
WaterSupply / 293
VI.3.4 PotableReuse / 297
VI.3.5 GroundwaterRecharge / 300
VI.3.6 IntegratedReclamationandReuse—Singapore / 304
References / 308
VII TREATMENTANDRESOURCERECOVERY
UNITPROCESSES 311
VII.1 BriefDescriptionofTraditionalWaterandResource
ReclamationTechnologies / 311
VII.1.1 BasicRequirements / 311
VII.1.2 ConsideringSourceSeparation / 312
VII.1.3 Low-EnergySecondaryTreatment / 315
VII.1.4 NewDevelopmentsinBiologicalTreatment / 324
VII.2 SludgeHandlingandResourceRecovery / 329
VII.2.1 TypesofSolidsProducedintheWaterReclamation
Process / 331
VII.2.2 ANewLookatResidualSolids(Sludge)asa
Resource / 334
VII.3 NutrientRecovery / 336
VII.4 MembraneFiltrationandReverseOsmosis / 339
VII.5 Disinfection / 340
VII.6 EnergyandGHGEmissionIssuesinWater
ReclamationPlants / 346
VII.7 EvaluationandSelectionofDecentralizedWaterReclamation
Technologies / 348
VII.7.1 ClosedCycleWaterReclamation / 348
References / 354
CONTENTS ix
VIII ENERGYANDURBANWATERSYSTEMS—TOWARDSNET
ZEROCARBONFOOTPRINT 358
VIII.1 InterconnectionofWaterandEnergy / 358
VIII.1.1 UseofWaterandDisposalofUsedWaterRequire
EnergyandEmitGHGs / 358
VIII.1.2 GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromUrbanAreas / 360
VIII.1.3 TheWater-EnergyNexusontheRegionaland
ClusterScale / 362
VIII.1.4 NetZeroCarbonFootprintGoalfor
High-PerformanceBuildingsandDevelopments / 365
VIII.2 EnergyConservationinBuildingsandEcoblocks / 371
VIII.2.1 EnergyConsiderationsRelatedtoWater / 371
VIII.2.2 HeatRecoveryfromUsedWater / 379
VIII.3 EnergyfromRenewableSources / 380
VIII.3.1 SolarEnergy / 380
VIII.3.2 WindPower / 387
VIII.4 EnergyfromUsedWaterandWasteOrganicSolids / 392
VIII.4.1 Fundamentals / 392
VIII.4.2 BiogasProduction,Composition,andEnergy
Content / 394
VIII.4.3 SmallandMediumBiogasProductionOperations / 397
VIII.4.4 AnaerobicUpflowReactor / 398
VIII.5 DirectElectricEnergyProductionfromBiogas
andUsedWater / 399
VIII.5.1 HydrogenFuelCells / 400
VIII.5.2 MicrobialFuelCells(MFC) / 403
VIII.5.3 HarnessingtheHydraulicEnergyofWater/Used
WaterSystems / 406
VIII.6 SummaryandaLookintotheFuture / 408
VIII.6.1 ANewLookattheUsedWaterReclamation
Processes / 408
VIII.6.2 IntegratedResourceRecoveryFacilities / 411
VIII.7 OverallEnergyOutlook—AnticipatingtheFuture / 416
VIII.7.1 ALookintotheFuture20orMoreYearsAhead / 416
VIII.7.2 IsStorageaProblem? / 421
References / 422
IX RESTORINGURBANSTREAMS 427
IX.1 Introduction / 427
IX.1.1 RediscoveringUrbanStreams / 427
IX.1.2 Definitions / 437
x CONTENTS
IX.2 AdverseImpactsofUrbanizationtoBeRemedied / 438
IX.2.1 TypesofPollution / 438
IX.2.2 DeterminingMainImpactStressorstoBeFixedby
Restoration / 443
IX.2.3 EffluentDominatedandEffluentDependentUrbanWater
Bodies / 447
IX.3 WaterBodyRestorationintheContextofFutureWaterCentric
(Eco)Cities / 453
IX.3.1 Goals / 453
IX.3.2 RegionalizedversusCluster-BasedDistributedSystems / 455
IX.3.3 NewDevelopmentsandRetrofittingOlderCities / 457
IX.4 SummaryandConclusions / 476
References / 479
X PLANNINGANDMANAGEMENTOFSUSTAINABLE
FUTURECOMMUNITIES 482
X.1 IntegratedPlanningandManagement / 482
X.1.1 Introduction / 482
X.1.2 Footprints / 484
X.2 UrbanPlanning / 487
X.2.1 EcocityParametersandDemographics—Population
DensityMatters / 488
X.3 IntegratedResourcesManagement(IRM) / 493
X.3.1 Sustainability / 493
X.4 ClustersandEcoblocks—DistributedSystems / 497
X.4.1 TheNeedtoDecentralizeUrbanWater/Stormwater/Used
WaterManagement / 497
X.4.2 DistributionofResourceRecovery,Reclamationand
ManagementTasks / 499
X.4.3 ClusterCreationandSize / 503
X.4.4 TypesofWater/EnergyReclamationsandCreationofa
SustainableUrbanArea / 505
X.5 SystemAnalysisandModelingofSustainableCities / 514
X.5.1 ComplexityoftheSystemandModeling / 514
X.5.2 TripleBottomLine(TBL)Assessment / 518
X.6 Institutions / 525
X.6.1 InstitutionsforIntegratedResourceManagement / 526
X.6.2 EnhancedPrivateSector / 532
X.6.3 AchievingMultibenefitSystemObjectives / 533
References / 535
CONTENTS xi
XI ECOCITIES:EVALUATIONANDSYNTHESIS 539
XI.1 Introduction / 539
XI.2 CaseStudies / 542
XI.2.1 HammarbySjo¨stad,Sweden / 542
XI.2.2 Dongtan,China / 549
XI.2.3 Qingdao(China)EcoblockandEcocity / 556
XI.2.4 Tianjin(China) / 560
XI.2.5 Masdar(UAE) / 566
XI.2.6 TreasureIsland(California,U.S.) / 573
XI.2.7 SonomaMountainVillage(California,U.S.) / 579
XI.2.8 DocksideGreen / 585
XI.3 BriefSummary / 588
References / 590
APPENDIX 595
INDEX 597