Water-Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia

310 Pages·2019·12.68 MB·English

by  Takeshi Ohta, Tetsuya Hiyama, Yoshihiro Iijima, Ayumi Kotani, Trofim C. Maximov

Ecological Studies 236
Takeshi Ohta
Tetsuya Hiyama
Yoshihiro Iijima
Ayumi Kotani
Trofi m C. Maximov Editors
Water-Carbon
Dynamics
in Eastern
Siberia
Ecological Studies
Analysis and Synthesis
Volume 236
Series editors
Josep G. Canadell
Canberra, Australia
Sandra D´ıaz
Cordoba, Argentina
Gerhard Heldmaier
Marburg, Germany
Robert B. Jackson
Stanford, California, USA
Delphis F. Levia
Newark, Delaware, USA
Ernst-Detlef Schulze
Jena, Germany
Ulrich Sommer
Kiel, Germany
David A. Wardle
Singapore, Singapore
EcologicalStudiesisSpringer’spremierbookseriestreatingallaspectsofecology.
Thesevolumes,eitherauthoredoreditedcollections,appearseveraltimeseachyear.
They are intended to analyze and synthesize our understanding of natural and
managed ecosystems and their constituent organisms and resources at different
scales from the biosphere to communities, populations, individual organisms and
molecular interactions. Many volumes constitute case studies illustrating and syn-
thesizing ecological principles for an intended audience of scientists, students,
environmental managers and policy experts. Recent volumes address biodiversity,
global change, landscape ecology, air pollution, ecosystem analysis, microbial
ecology,ecophysiologyandmolecularecology.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/86
(cid:129)
Takeshi Ohta Tetsuya Hiyama
(cid:129)
Yoshihiro Iijima Ayumi Kotani
fi
Tro m C. Maximov
Editors
Water-Carbon Dynamics in
Eastern Siberia
Editors
TakeshiOhta TetsuyaHiyama
GraduateSchoolofBioagricultural InstituteforSpace-EarthEnvironmental
Sciences Research
NagoyaUniversity NagoyaUniversity
Nagoya,Aichi,Japan Nagoya,Aichi,Japan
YoshihiroIijima AyumiKotani
GraduateSchoolofBioresources GraduateSchoolofBioagriculturalSciences
MieUniversity NagoyaUniversity
Tsu,Mie,Japan Nagoya,Aichi,Japan
TrofimC.Maximov
InstituteforBiologicalProblemsof
Cryolithozone
RussianAcademyofSciences
Yakutsk,Yakutiya-SahaRepublic,Russia
ISSN0070-8356 ISSN2196-971X (electronic)
EcologicalStudies
ISBN978-981-13-6316-0 ISBN978-981-13-6317-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6317-7
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
This publication is the first to describe the processes of ecohydrology, permafrost
hydrology,meteorology,andclimatologyinthecontextofwater,energy,andcarbon
exchanges in the Arctic circumpolar region of eastern Siberia. The material
presented in this work represents the culmination of our extensive research in this
region.Inthispreface,wewilldescribetheobjectivesandoutcomesofsomeofthese
researchprojectsandprovideashorthistoryofourmainobservationalsite.
In the 1990s, an international and multidisciplinary research collaboration was
initiatedinYakutsk,SakhaRepublic(Yakutia),Russia,tostudyenvironmentaland
climatechangesineasternSiberia.ThisinitiativewaspartoftheGlobalEnergyand
Water Exchanges (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) project, which
was planned within the framework of the World Climate Research Programme
(WCRP). The GAME project comprised several regional projects focusing on
Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Tibetan Plateau, and north-eastern Eurasia and was
conducted mainly by the Japanese research community in collaboration with
researchers from other Asian countries. GAME–Siberiafocused ontheLenaRiver
BasinineasternSiberia,wheretheAsianwintermonsoonoriginates.TheGAME–
Siberiaprojectwasthefirstinternationalandexperimentalcampaigninthisregion,
and its purpose was to improve our understanding of land surface processes,
including ecohydrology and river hydrology, under changing climate conditions.
Toachievethisobjective,aground-basedobservationnetworkwasestablished,and
atmospheric observations, satellite remote sensing data analysis, and land surface
and hydrological (river discharge) modelling studies were conducted. The project
hasgreatlycontributedtoourknowledgeofthesesystemsandhasbecomeafocus
forresearchonthelandsurfaceprocessesofcoldregions.
ThemainGAME–SiberiaexperimentalsitewastheSpasskayaPad(SPA)station
located near Yakutsk, where we established a flux tower through Russian and
v
vi Preface
Japanese collaboration in 1996. The SPA station was subsequently used to collect
dataforseveralJapanese-fundedresearchprojects:CoreResearchforEvolutionary
Science and Technology/Water, Energy and Carbon Cycles in Northern Forests
(CREST/WECNoF), Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)–Siberia,
and Green Network of Excellence (GRENE) Arctic Climate Change Research
Project–Terrestrial Ecosystem in the Arctic (TEA). Through these projects, the
SPAstationbecamethecentralbaseineasternSiberiafortaigaforestmeteorological
and hydrological observations. Many significant findings have been obtained
through observations of the permafrost–vegetation hydrological cycle. The SPA
stationwasthusrecognisedgloballyasthemostimportantlocationfordevelopment
and verification of land surface models of the cryolithozone, especially over a
continuous permafrost region. In recent years, the site has been recognised as an
international collaboration site for the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS)
project,anditcontinuestoprovidemeteorological andhydrologicaldatasetsunder
thechangingclimateoftheArcticcircumpolarregion.Furthermore,thestationisa
memberofinternational researchnetworksincludingtheInternational Networkfor
Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic (INTERACT) and Changing
Permafrost in the Arctic and its Global Effects in the 21st Century (PAGE21).
Observation data obtained at the SPA station are freely distributed through
FLUXNETandthePhenologicalEyesNetwork(PEN).
The unique and long-term consecutive datasets obtained at the SPA station in
easternSiberiahavethereforebeenwidelyusedbyinternational researchers.Espe-
ciallyinthe2000s,itwasrecognisedthatchangesinmeteorologicalandhydrolog-
ical variables represented large-scale humidification in conjunction with climate
change in the Arctic circumpolar region. The large amount of data accumulated at
theSPAstationdescribestheeffectsofdecliningprocessesinborealforests,aswell
as recent and ongoing climate changes. This book is therefore intended as a
milestoneofourachievements.
Inpreparationforthepublicationofthiswork,akick-offeditingworkshop(the
ISEE/CICR International Workshop) was conducted from 19 to 21 January, 2017,
with the support of the Joint Research Program of the Center for International
Collaborative Research (CICR) of the Institute for Space–Earth Environmental
Research (ISEE) at Nagoya University. The editors thank the ISEE, Nagoya Uni-
versity, as well as all research agencies and institutes that supported the research
activitiesdescribedabove.Finally,wethankDr.TetsuzoYasunari,DirectorGeneral
of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Dr. Yoshihiro Fukushima,
Emeritus Professor of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Professor
Tetsuo Ohata of the National Institute of Polar Research; Professor Boris Ivanov,
Director of the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of Siberian
Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; and Professor Rostislav Kamensky,
Director of the Permafrost Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences for their extraordinary leadership in establishing the research partnership
Preface vii
betweenRussiaandJapan,aswellasforfundingourresearchprojects.Inaddition,
wethankthemanyinternationalresearcherswhoengagedinourprojectsdescribed
above.
Nagoya,Japan TakeshiOhta
Nagoya,Japan TetsuyaHiyama
Tsu,Japan YoshihiroIijima
Nagoya,Japan AyumiKotani
Yakutsk,Russia TrofimC.Maximov
Contents
1 WaterandCarbonDynamicsinEasternSiberia:
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TakeshiOhta,TrofimC.Maximov,AlexanderN.Fedorov,
andAlexeyR.Desyatkin
2 AtmosphericWaterCycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
KazuhiroOshimaandKojiYamazaki
3 WaterCyclesinForests. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 43
AyumiKotaniandTakeshiOhta
4 CarbonCyclesinForests. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 69
TrofimC.Maximov,AyaalP.Maksimov,AlexanderV.Kononov,
AyumiKotani,andA.JohannesDolman
5 MethaneandBiogenicVolatileOrganicCompound
EmissionsinEasternSiberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
JacobusvanHuissteden
6 StableIsotopesofWaterinPermafrostEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
AtsukoSugimoto
7 Water-CarbonCycleinDendrochronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
ShunsukeTeiandAtsukoSugimto
8 Permafrost-ForestDynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
YoshihiroIijimaandAlexanderN.Fedorov
9 RiverDischarge. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 207
TetsuyaHiyama,ShigemiHatta,andHotaekPark
10 RemoteSensingofVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
ShinNagai,HidekiKobayashi,andRikieSuzuki
ix
x Contents
11 RemoteSensingofTerrestrialWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
KazuyoshiSuzukiandKojiMatsuo
12 Carbon-WaterCycleModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
HotaekParkandTakeshiYamazaki
13 WaterandCarbonDynamicsinEasternSiberia:
ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
TakeshiOhtaandTetsuyaHiyama
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303