Water and sanitation-related diseases and the changing environment : challenges, interventions, and preventive measures

340 Pages·2018·12.58 MB·English

by  Selendy

WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED DISEASES
AND THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED
DISEASES AND THE CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT
Challenges, Interventions, and Preventive Measures
Second Edition
Edited by
JANINE M. H. SELENDY
FOREWORD BY PAUL FARMER
AFTERWORD BY WAFAIE FAWZI
HORIZON
INTERNATIONAL
This second edition first published 2019
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History
Wiley‐Blackwell (1e, 2011)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is
available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Janine M. H. Selendy to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book
may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this
work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean
that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This
work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not
be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may
have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit
or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Selendy, Janine M. H., editor.
Title: Water and sanitation-related diseases and the changing environment : challenges, interventions, and preventive measures /
edited by Janine M.H. Selendy ; foreword by Paul Farmer ; afterword by Wafaie Fawzi.
Other titles: Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. | Preceded by: Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment /
edited by Janine M.H. Selendy. c2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018018468 (print) | LCCN 2018018989 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119416203 (Adobe PDF) |
ISBN 9781119416180 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119416210 (hardback)
Subjects: | MESH: Water Supply | Disease Outbreaks–prevention & control | Water Pollution–prevention & control |
Sanitation | Water Microbiology | Developing Countries
Classification: LCC RA642.W3 (ebook) | LCC RA642.W3 (print) | NLM WA 675 | DDC 363.739/4–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018018468
Cover Image: by Béla P. Selendy
Cover Design: Wiley
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ix
Paul Farmer
PREFACE xi
Janine M. H. Selendy
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
INTRODUCTION xv
Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aagaard-Hansen
SECTION I WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE:
MEETING THE NEED 1
1 Toward Universal Access to Basic and Safely Managed Drinking Water:
Remaining Challenges and New Opportunities in the Era of Sustainable
Development Goals 3
Mitsuaki Hirai and Jay Graham
2 The Human Right to Sanitation 17
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham
3 Coping with Water Needs: The Demographic Future 25
Guigui Yao and Robert Wyman
4 Water, Food, and the Environment 39
Robert Wyman and Guigui Yao
5 Water and Armed Conflict 53
Barry S. Levy
6 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce
Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 59
Nikhil Chandavarkar
v
vi Contents
SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED DISEASES 63
7 Infectious Diarrhea 65
Sean Fitzwater, Anita Shet, Mathuram Santosham, and Margaret Kosek
8 Soil‐Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 95
Alexander T. Yu and Brian G. Blackburn
9 Food Systems and Nutrition in the Context of Climate Change 111
José Graziano da Silva
10 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: New Understanding
and Directions for Intervention 127
Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer
11 Schistosomiasis 147
Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard‐Hansen
12 Trachoma 159
Emma M. Harding‐Esch, Joseph A. Cook, David C. Mabey, and Anthony W. Solomon
SECTION III ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURALLY
OCCURRING POLLUTANTS 171
13 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals and Personal
Care Products in the Environment 173
M. Danielle McDonald
14 Other Water Pollutants: Antimicrobial Resistance 177
Rochelle Rainey
15 Global Substitution of Mercury‐Based
Medical Devices in the Health Sector 189
Anitha Nimmagadda, Ivorie Stanley, Joshua Karliner, and Peter Orris
SECTION IV WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE 197
16 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low‐Income Countries 199
Thomas F. Clasen
SECTION V CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH 213
17 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 215
Mary E. Wilson
18 Reassessing Multiple‐Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past:
Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 229
Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro
19 Ecosystem Health as the Basis for Human Health 245
Tom Barker and Jane Fisher
20 Addressing the Nexus of Water, Sanitation, Health, and Climate
Change Through Multistakeholder Partnerships 271
Nikhil Chandavarkar
Contents vii
SECTION VI SUCCESS STORIES 275
21 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving
Child Survival in Mexico 277
Julio Frenk and Octavio Gómez‐Dantés
22 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort
to Eradicate Guinea Worm 283
Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz‐Tiben
23 Sanitation Case Studies 291
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham
24 Catalyzing Rural Sanitation at Scale:
Lessons Learned from the Global Sanitation Fund 297
Patrick England and Carolien Van der Voorden
AFTERWORD 311
INDEX 313
FOREWORD
The work of experienced scholars, public‐health advocates, Rescuing history and a bit of optimism, this pragmatic
and implementers, this new edition of Water and Sanitation‐ volume details numerous examples that serve to redefine
Related Diseases and the Changing Environment offers a what’s possible in the struggle for equitable access to clean
thorough review of some of the ranking problems of our water and effective sanitation, without which health and pro-
time. Taken individually, these chapters constitute a critical ductive lives are impossible. Its chapters also take a pragmatic
compendium of ongoing debates among experts and a con- and aspirational view in seeking to identify key social,
cise summary of more settled matters. But editor Janine political, and economic changes essential to efforts to alle-
Selendy has also woven these diverse chapters—which viate the harms caused by our collective failure to guarantee
include highly focused considerations of specific waterborne the most fundamental human rights. There’s little doubt that
illnesses and more broad‐ranging matters from climate even the most unpromising settings—impoverished, bereft
change to technological innovation—into a powerful and of clean water and sanitation, plagued by disease and dis-
hefty manual to guide collective action going forward. rupted by catastrophe—can be transformed with the requi-
Much of what appears in these pages is cause for concern, site staff, stuff, space, and systems. Keeping these systems
or should be. The structural violence of poverty, climate working requires ongoing accompaniment and investment,
change, and socially constructed scarcity is evident in the of course.
long list of assaults and afflictions detailed in these pages: In the face of unprecedented climate and environ-
the preventable deaths from diarrhea of hundreds of thou- mental change, low aspirations on behalf of others accel-
sands of children every year, the lack of access to safely erate a deadly desertification of the imagination. In 2010,
managed water services for over two billion people globally, ten months after a devastating and deadly earthquake,
and the persistence of rudimentary sanitation systems—or ecologically fragile Haiti—one of the world’s most
none at all, in some areas—heighten risks of waterborne dis- water‐insecure nations—was struck by a cholera out-
ease and even physical insecurity for over a third of the break that rapidly became the world’s largest, and
world’s population. But this volume, which will meet the remained so for most of the decade. Campaigns to halt it
expectations of specialists while instructing (and even enter- initially echoed control‐over‐care paradigms commonly
taining) the lay reader, does more than offer jeremiads about imposed in settings of poverty. But cholera spread
failures. A case study of efforts to eradicate dracunculiasis— because Haiti is a public‐health desert; cholera killed
an “ancient loathesome disease” that as recently as 1986 where Haiti remains a clinical desert. We’ve seen this
infected 3.5 million people annually across a grim belt of before. But paradigms of response—to cholera in
Africa south of the Sahel—shows how an end to guinea‐ Haiti and to other pressing health and human‐rights chal-
worm disease is within our grasp. lenges—shift each time health professionals, activists,
ix
x FOREWORD
and policymakers come together to resist the notion that trainees to deliver on the promise of water, sanitation, and
some people are simply too poor to treat, or otherwise health for all.
just not worth the investment.
In addressing many of these challenges, the need for more Paul Farmer, MD, PhD
data and less dogma is obvious. The first edition of Water Kolokotrones University Professor, Harvard University
and Sanitation‐Related Diseases and the Changing Chair, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine,
Environment promised playbooks to guide collective Harvard Medical School
responses to a life‐and‐death struggle. In assembling and Chief, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and
updating it, Selendy has accomplished all of this, and more. Women’s Hospital
It will be an authoritative reference for practitioners and Co‐founder, Partners In Health
PREFACE
We are all together in this world, breathing, as it were, as by authorities from the fields of climate change, epidemi-
one, for each and every life affects those near to us and in the ology, environmental health, environmental engineering,
far reaches of the world. demography, global health, medicine, medical anthropology,
As is evident throughout much of these two books, while nutrition, and public health.
health and living conditions are deplorable and life‐ New chapters advance our discussions of nutrition and
threatening for literally billions of children, women and malnutrition, of ecosystems, and of population. They include
men, it is with the emergence of successful initiatives, “Food Systems and Nutrition, In The Context of Climate
largely thanks to collaborations on local, national and inter- Change” by Director‐General José Graziano da Silva of the
national levels, that one can hope for a healthier future. As UN FAO, “Coping With Water Needs: The Demographic
discussed in these two books, such cooperation has enabled Future,” by Guigui Yao and Robert Wyman, and “Ecosystem
Guinea worm disease to be nearly eradicated worldwide, Health as The Basis for Human Health” by Tom Barker and
Onchocerciasis to be eliminated in large regions, and tra- Jane Fisher. “The Human Right to Sanitation” by Anoop
choma to be officially validated as eliminated in five coun- Jain and Jay P. Graham and “Catalyzing Rural Sanitation at
tries with a further six countries reporting that they have Scale: Lessons Learned from The Global Sanitation Fund”
achieved the elimination targets. by Carolien Van der Voorden and Patrick England add new
Also, although already seriously complicated by extreme ideas to discussion of the desperate sanitation situation with
weather conditions and other effects of climate change, 2.4 billion people lacking adequate sanitation. “Antimicrobial
collaboration secured safe drinking water, adequate sanita- Resistance” by Rochelle Rainey advances the discussion of
tion and hygiene for hundreds of millions of people. the major problem facing people throughout the world as
I hope you will read both volumes of our books. You will antibiotics can no longer be relied upon as they had been.
find references to content in the 36 excellent chapters of the And, drinking water is addressed throughout and exclusively
First Edition throughout this edition. Many of the chapters in in “Toward Universal Access to Basic and Safely Managed
the Second Edition have been revised and updated, such as Drinking Water: Remaining Challenges and New
with respect to the effects of climate change. Many of the Opportunities in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals,”
chapters stand as they are in First Edition and are not by Mitsuaki Hirai and Jay Graham.
included in this volume. They include substantial coverage Complementary material related to both editions are
of naturally occurring and anthropogenic pollutants, toxic available on the Wiley Companion website for the two
cyanobacteria, and onchocerciasis, and chapters on sanita- volumes https://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/selendy/
tion initiatives in India, health in Ghana, cholera in with links to sources. This is a continually updated site for
Zimbabwe, small‐scale water services in developing coun- which suggested additions are welcome from our readers.
tries, ocean pollution from flame retardants, and successful Some of the content is also presented in articles on Horizon
community interventions using kinship structures. International’s Solutions Site at www.solutions‐site.org
Several authors for both editions were joined by new or and  on the Global Innovation Exchange, for which
additional authors for the Second Edition which was written Horizon International is a co‐creator, which is available at
xi
xii PREFACE
https://www.globalinnovationexchange.org/organizations/ T. H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH) for expressing
horizon‐international‐yale‐university. their appreciation of our work by giving of their time to write
As I wrote in the First Edition, the facts we present are the Foreword and Afterword for the Second Edition. And a
often disconcertingly grave, but I believe the discussions in special thanks to Dr. Fawzi’s colleague Chelsey Canavan,
that edition and in the current edition which augment those Program Manager for the Nutrition and Global Health
facts and ideas will generate substantial action to address Program at HSPH, who co‐authored the Afterword.
those concerns and by doing so they will generate hope. I wish to recognize the commitment of untold numbers of
I wish to express my immense gratitude to the 74 people who give of their time, energy, and, for many, their
authors who not only gave of their time and expertise in lives to improve the lives of others. The direction of my own
writing for these volumes, but also provided me with life was inspired by Dr. P. O. and Shanta Satralker, medical
counsel and inspiration as we together brought these two missionaries, with whom I had the privilege of living in Iran
books to completion. Among them, Professor Robert when I was 16 years old and who called themselves my
Wyman, who is our immediate host at Yale. And, I wish to Iranian Mom and Dad.
express my gratitude to Yale University for their hosting of I dedicate this book to those whose love and encourage-
Horizon International. ment are a constant source of support and inspiration: my
I am grateful to the editors of Wiley for their foresight and sons, Philippe and Béla, my grandchildren, Max and Liam,
belief in our books, their attention to detail during the pro- and Nicolas and Linnea, my daughters‐in‐law, Jennifer and
duction stages, and their encouraging comments throughout Ulrika, and Béla’s wife Helen; and, to Charles R. Dickey,
the process, with a special note of appreciation to Ramprasad my partner of 20 years, whose loving care and ready words
Jayakumar, Production Editor, who saw to the myriad details of wisdom and humor are a constant gift, and our dog,
in the final stages of the book’s preparation. Heather, whose good spirits and love are gifts to all who
All of us who have contributed to these books are thank- know her.
ful to Dr. Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of
Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University and Janine M. H. Selendy
co‐founder of Partners in Health, and to Dr. Wafaie Fawzi, New Haven, CT, USA
Chair, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard August 2018