Wastewater Treatment with Algae

241 Pages·1998·27.36 MB·English

by  Peter K. Robinson (auth.)

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Yuk-Shan Wong Nora F.Y. Tam (Eds.)
Wastewater Treatment with Algae
, Springer
Yuk-Shan Wong Nora F. Y. Tam
The Hong Kong University The City University of Hong Kong
of Science and Technology Dept. of Biology and Chemistry
Research Centre Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Library of Congress Cataloging.in.Publication Data
Wastewater treatment with algae I [edited by] Yuk·Shan Wong, Nora F.Y. Tam.
p. cm .• (Environmental intelligence unit)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-662-10865-9 ISBN 978-3-662-10863-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-10863-5
1. Sewage· Purification· Phosphorus removal. 2. Chlorella. 3. Immobilized microorganisms. Industrial
applications. I. Wong, Yuk·Shan. II. Tam, Nora F.Y. III. Series.
TD758·5·P56W371997
628.3'5 • DCZl 97·18167 CIP
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© Springer· Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
Originally published by Springer·V erlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
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SPIN: 10637956 31/3111 • 5 4 2 3 2 1 0 • Printed on acid· free paper
=====PREFACE =====
U
ntreated or improperly treated wastewater has become a major pol
lution problem for rivers and coastal waters. A related problem is
our inability to recover its useful components (i.e., the nutrients con
tained in the wastewater) such that we pay expensive cost to manufac
ture fertilizer. Conventional approaches such as activated sludge sys
tems involve tremendous capital investment and impose major short
comings such as inefficient removal of phosphate, unpleasant odor and
foaming problems.
Recent years have witnessed an exponential increase of knowl
edge in generating innovative treatment technology. The objective of
publishing this book is thus to bring together scientists and engineers
intimately involved in this field to discuss state-of-the-art research on
the application of algae for wastewater treatment. Authors of this book
describe different approaches and methodologies utilizing microalgae
for removing nutrients, heavy metals and other organic pollutants in
sewage and industrial effluents. This book also includes biosorption,
bioaccumulation and biotransformation of metals in living and non
living algal cells; and cell immobilization technology for algae and in
duction of metal binding complexes such as metallothionein in metal
resistant algal species. Modelling of metal ion uptake to predict the
adsorption and membrane transport process of the living algal cells is
also discussed.
This book will be invaluable for researchers and engineers in en
vironmental sciences and algal biotechnology to keep abreast of the
subject. Additionally, advanced research students of biology and envi
ronmental engineering will find it a useful source of information.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the contribut
ing authors and the staff of Landes Bioscience for their valuable sup
port and cooperation during the development and publication of this
book. We also like to thank Miss Ellen M. Y. So for her help in prepar
ing some of the manuscripts.
Yuk-Shan Wong
Nora F. Y. Tam
June, 1997
CONTENTS
1. Immobilized Algal Technology
for Wastewater Treatment Purposes .......................................... 1
Peter K. Robinson
General ......................................................................................... 1
Immobilization ............................................................................ 1
Immobilized Algae ...................................................................... 2
Studies on Immobilized Algal Physiology
and Biochemistry ..................................................................... 3
P0 -P Uptake Studies .................................................................. 7
4
The Future .................................................................................. 12
2. Removal of Copper by Free and Immobilized Microalga,
Chlorella vulgaris ......................................................................... 17
Nora F. Y. Tam, Yuk-Shan Wong and Craig G. Simpson
Introduction ............................................................................... 17
Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment ............................ 17
Removal of Heavy Metal by Algal Cells ................................... 18
Heavy Metal Removal by Immobilized Microalgae .............. 20
Objectives ................................................................................... 20
Materials and Methods ............................................................. 21
Results and Discussion ............................................................. 25
Conclusions ................................................................................ 33
3. Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Microalgae in Batch
and Continuous Systems ............................................................ 37
Zumriye Aksu
Introduction ............................................................................... 37
Heavy Metal Pollution .............................................................. 37
The Usage of Algal Cells For Heavy Metal Ions Removal ...... 38
Biosorption Mechanisms of Algae ........................................... 41
Developing Biosorption Isotherms for Single-
and Multi-Metal Ion Systems ............................................... 42
Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Microalgae
in Batch Systems .................................................................... 44
Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Microalgae
in Continuous Systems .......................................................... 48
Conclusions ................................................................................ 50
4. Microalgal Removal of Organic and Inorganic
Metal Species from Aqueous Solution ...................................... 55
Simon V. A very, Geoffrey A. Codd and Geoffrey M. Gadd
Introduction ............................................................................... 55
Methods ...................................................................................... 58
Results and Discussion ............................................................. 59
Concluding Remarks ................................................................ 66
5. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Arsenic,
Antimony, and Bismuth Compounds
by Freshwater Algae .................................................................... 73
Shigeru Maeda and Akira Ohki
Introduction ............................................................................... 73
Background Literature .............................................................. 74
Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by Freshwater Algae ................. 75
Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by
C. Vulgaris Using Raceway-Type Open-Culture Tank ...... 76
Biotransformation of Arsenic by Freshwater Algae:
Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic ............................................. 77
Biotransfermation of Arsenic by Freshwater Algae:
Exposure to Organic Arsenic Compounds ......................... 80
Association Mode of Bioaccumulated Inorganic Arsenic .... 80
Biotransformation of Arsenic in Freshwater Food Chain ..... 83
Bioaccumulation of Antimony by Freshwater Algae ............. 85
Bioaccumulation of Bismuth by Freshwater Algae ............... 88
Conclusion ................................................................................. 88
6. Metal Ion Binding by Biomass Derived from Nonliving
Algae, Lichens, Water Hyacinth Root
and Sphagttum Moss .................................................................... 93
GeraldJ. Ramelow, Hua Yao and WeiZhuang
Introduction ............................................................................... 93
Materials and Methods ............................................................. 95
Results and Discussion ............................................................. 97
7. Metal Resistance and Accumulation in Cyanobacteria ........ 111
Marli F. Fiore, David H. Moon and Jack T. Trevors
Introduction .............................................................................. 111
Metal Uptake ............................................................................. 112
Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance ............................................. 113
Use of Cyanobacteria for Metal Bioremoval .......................... 117
8. Modelling the Uptake of Metal Ions
by Living Algal Cells ................................................................... 12S
Ian G. Prince, Y.P. Ting and Frank Lawson
Introduction .............................................................................. 125
General Considerations in Modeling the Uptake Process ... 126
Adsorption and Membrane Transport Model ...................... 130
Conclusions ............................................................................... 141
9. Carrageenan as a Matrix for Immobilizing Microalgal
Cells for Wastewater Nutrients Removal ............................... 145
P.S. Lau, Nora F. Y. Tam and Yuk-Shan Wong
Introduction ............................................................................. 145
Materials and Methods ........................................................... 147
Results and Discussion ........................................................... 149
Concern and Limitation .......................................................... 158
Conclusion ............................................................................... 160
10. Dynamics ofPicoplankton and Microplankton Flora
in the Experimental Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
in the Arid Region of Marrakech, Morocco
and Cyanobacteria Effect on Escherichia coli
and Vibrio cholerae Survival ................................................... I. 16S
Nour-Eddine Mezrioui and Brahim Oudra
Introduction ............................................................................. 165
Micro-Algae in Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
(A Review) ............................................................................ 166
Role of Micro-Algae on Biological Sewage Treatment ......... 167
Factors Influencing Algal Growth in Wastewater
Stabilization Ponds .............................................................. 168
Dynamics of Picoplankton and Microplankton Flora
in the Experimental Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
in Marrakech, Morocco ....................................................... 169
Effect of Microalgae Growing on Wastewater Batch Culture
on Escherichia Coli and Vibrio Cholerae Survival ............... 170
Results and Discussion-
Sewage Physicochemical Characteristics ........................... 171
Composition of Algal Flora .................................................... 172
Seasonal Variation ofNanomicroplankton Algal Species
and Biomass in Sewage Ponds ............................................. 173
Seasonal Variation ofPicoplankton Biomass and its
Contribution to Total Algal Biomass in Sewage Ponds .... 174
Relationship Between Cyanobacteria and Bacteria .............. 178
Conclusions .............................................................................. 182
11. A Material Transformation Model For Biological
Stabilization Ponds ................................................................... 189
Xianghua Wen
Introduction ............................................................................. 189
Model Development ................................................................ 189
Model Calibration and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis ....... 193
Model Verification .................................................................. 195
Material Transformation Graphics ........................................ 197
Prospect of the Model Application ....................................... 200
Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................... 201
12. Limits to Growth ........................................................................ 203
Michael A. Borowitzka
Introduction ............................................................................. 203
Limiting Factors to Algal Growth ......................................... 204
Operation of High Rate Oxidation Ponds ............................. 216
Conclusions .............................................................................. 218
Index ...................................................................................................... 227
r.=======EDITORS =======;-]
Yuk-Shan Wong
Research Centre
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong
Chapters 2 and 9
Nora F.Y. Tam
Department of Biology and Chemistry
City University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Chapters 2 and 9
1====== CONTRIBUTORS =====
Ziimriye Aksu Geoffrey M. Gadd
Department of Chemical Department of Biological Sciences
Engineering University of Dundee
Hacettepe University Dundee, Scotland, U.K.
Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey Chapter 4
Chapter3
P.S. Lau
Simon V. Avery Research Centre
Department of Biology Hong Kong University of Science
Georgia State University and Technology
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
Chapter 4 Chapter 9
Michael A. Borowitzka Frank Lawson
School of Biological Department of Chemical
and Environmental Sciences Engineering
Murdoch University Monash University
Perth, W.A., Australia Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Chapter 12 ChapterS
Geoffrey A. Codd Shigeru Maeda
Department of Biological Sciences Department of Applied Chemistry
University of Dundee and Chemical Engineering
Dundee, Scotland, U.K. Kagoshima University
Chapter 4 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
Chapters
Marli F. Fiore
Molecular Biology Laboratory Nour-Eddine Mezrioui
Centro de Energia Nuclear Faculte des Sciences
na Agricultura Universite Cadi Ayyad
University of Sao Paulo Semlalia, Bd Le Prince My Abdallah
Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Marrakech, Morocco
Chapter 7 Chapter 10
David H. Moon Craig G. Simpson
Molecular Biology Laboratory Department of Biology
Centro de Energia Nuclear and Chemistry
na Agricultura City University of Hong Kong
University of Sao Paulo Hong Kong
Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Chapter 2
Chapter 7
Y.P. Ting
Akira Ohki Department of Chemical
Department of Applied Chemistry Engineering
and Chemical Engineering National University of Singapore
Kagoshima University Kent Ridge, Singapore
Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan Chapter 8
Chapters
Jack T. Trevors
Brahim Oudra Ontario Agricultural College
Faculte des Sciences University of Guelph
Universite Cadi Ayyad Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Semlalia, Bd Le Prince My Chapter 7
Abdallah
Marrakech, Morocco Xianghua Wen
Chapter 10 Department of Environmental
Engineering
Ian G. Prince Tsinghua University
Department of Chemical Beijing, People's Republic of China
Engineering Chapter 11
Monash University
Clayton, Victoria, Australia Hua Yao
Chapter 8 Department of Chemistry
McNeese State University
Gerald J. Ramelow Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Department of Chemistry Chapter 6
McNeese State University
Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A. WeiZhuang
Chapter 6 Department of Chemistry
McNeese State University
Peter K. Robinson Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Department of Applied Biology Chapter 6
University of Central Lancashire
Preston, U.K.
Chapter 1
1
CHAPTER
Immobilized Algal Technology
for Wastewater Treatment
Purposes
Peter K. Robinson
General
T
his chapter comprises a brief review of the current literature dealing with the
use of immobilized algae for wastewater treatment purposes, together with re
sults from some of our own experimental studies on immobilized Chlorella
emersonii for the removal of phosphate-phosphorus (P0 -P) from waste waters.
4
The intention of including these results is to highlight some of the practical advan
tages of using immobilized systems, and also to introduce some of the problems
and limitations of such systems at the laboratory scale. Consideration of the scale
up of such processes is also included.
Immobilization
Immobilization may be defined as "the accumulation of a biocatalyst (cell or
enzyme) either on surfaces or within particles" (based on ref. 1). Therefore the fun
damental characteristic of an immobilized system is that the biocatalyst is fixed
within a distinct phase (the biocatalyst phase) which is separate from the bulk
phase, in which the substrates and ultimately the products are dissolved (Figure
l.1a). This system heterogeneity gives rise to two major advantages of immobilized
systems over their non-immobilized (free) counterparts:
• A physical advantage in that the biocatalyst and product may be separated
easily, enabling effective product recovery (downstream processing) and
biocatalyst re-use.
• A biological advantage in that the immobilized biocatalyst is often found to
be more stable than the non-immobilized form (where stability may mean
an enhanced rate of catalysis, prolonged duration of catalysis, or greater
operational stability to extremes of pH or temperature).
Wastewater Treatment with Algae, edited by Yuk-Shan Wong and Nora F.Y. Tam.
© Springer -Verlag and Landes Bioscience 1998.