Table Of ContentWASTE WATER (cid:883)
EVALUATION AND
MANAGEMENT
Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
Waste Water - Evaluation and Management
Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
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and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Martina Sirotic
Image Copyright Natthawat Wongrat, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published March, 2011
Printed in India
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Waste Water - Evaluation and Management, Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-233-3
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Waste Water Quality Monitoring 1
Chapter 1 The Use of Methods of Environmental
Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests
in the Evaluation of Wastewater 3
Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová,
Helena Doležalová Weissmannová, Ludmila
Mravcová, Lucie Vydrová and Libor Zouhar
Chapter 2 Assessment of Micropollutants from Municipal
Wastewater- Combination of Exposure and
Ecotoxicological Effect Data for Switzerland 31
Kase Robert, Eggen Rik I L, Junghans Marion,
Götz Christian and Juliane Hollender
Chapter 3 Water Toxicity Monitoring using
Optical Oxygen Sensing and Respirometry 55
Alice Zitova, Greg Jasionek and Dmitri B. Papkovsky
Chapter 4 Flow-Through Chronopotentiometry
in Waste Water Analysis 71
Ernest Beinrohr
Chapter 5 The Chemical Oxygen Demand Modelling Based
on a Dynamic Structure Neural Network 93
Junfei Qiao, Qili Chen and Honggui Han
Chapter 6 Formaldehyde Oxidizing Enzymes and Genetically
Modified Yeast Hansenula polymorpha Cells
in Monitoring and Removal of Formaldehyde 115
Vladimir Sibirny, Olha Demkiv, Sasi Sigawi, Solomiya Paryzhak,
Halyna Klepach, Yaroslav Korpan, Oleh Smutok,
Marina Nisnevich, Galina Gayda, Yeshayahu Nitzan,
Czesław Puchalski and Mykhailo Gonchar
VI Contents
Chapter 7 Satellite Monitoring and Mathematical Modelling
of Deep Runoff Turbulent Jets in Coastal Water Areas 155
Valery G. Bondur
Chapter 8 Intelligent Photonic Sensors for Application
in Decentralized Wastewater Systems 181
Michal Borecki, Michael L. Korwin-Pawlowski, Maria Beblowska,
Jan Szmidt, Maciej Szmidt, Mariusz Duk,
Kaja Urbańska and Andrzej Jakubowski
Chapter 9 Analysis and Selective Treatment
of Radioactive Waste Waters and Sludges 203
György Pátzay, László Weiser, Ferenc Feil and Gábor Patek
Part 2 Evaluation of Waste Water Effects on the Environment 217
Chapter 10 Effects of Waste Water on Freshwaters
in Semiarid Regions 219
Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas, Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo,
Angel Rubio-Olmo and Santos Cirujano-Bracamonte
Chapter 11 Hydrochemical Investigation of Groundwater Contamination
in the Grombalia Shallow Aquifer, Cap Bon Peninsula, Tunisia:
Impact of Irrigation with Industrial Waste Water 239
Amor Ben Moussa and Kamel Zouari
Chapter 12 Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant on Water Column and
Sediment Quality in Izmir Bay (Eastearn Aegean Sea) 253
F. Sanem Sunlu, Ugur Sunlu, Baha Buyukisik,
Serkan Kukrer and Mehmet Aksu
Chapter 13 Effects of Domestic Waste Water on Water Quality
of Three Reservoirs Supplying Drinking Water
in Kaduna State - Northern Nigeria 269
Yahuza Tanimu, Sunday Paul Bako and John Ameh Adakole
Chapter 14 Water Quality of Streams Receiving Municipal Waste
Water in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria 283
Alex C. Chindah, Solomon A. Braide, and Charles C. Obunwo
Chapter 15 Impact of Municipal Waste Water on Growth
and Nutrition of Afforested Pinus eldarica Stands 303
Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi and Jhangard Mohammadir
Chapter 16 Parasitological Contamination in Organic
Composts Produced with Sewage Sludge 313
Eduardo Robson Duarte, Flávia Oliveira Abrão,
Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira and Bruna Lima Cabral
Contents VII
Chapter 17 Effects of Reclaimed Water
on Citrus Growth and Productivity 325
Kelly T. Morgan
Chapter 18 Heavy Metal Contamination of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb
in Soil and Leaf of Robinia pseudoacacia Irrigated
with Municipal Wastewater in Iran 341
Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi,
Jahangard Mohammadi and Alireza Aliarab
Chapter 19 Wastewater from Table Olive Industries 351
G.M. Cappelletti, G.M. Nicoletti and C. Russo
Part 3 Waste Water Management and Environmental Policies 377
Chapter 20 Wastewater Management 379
Peace Amoatey (Mrs) and Richard Bani
Chapter 21 Sewage Sludge Disposal and Applications:
Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion
of Compost Piles - Trace Metals Leaching
in Volcanic Soils After Sewage Sludge Disposal 399
Mauricio Escudey, Nelson Moraga,
Carlos Zambra and Mónica Antilén
Chapter 22 Waste Water: Treatment Options
and its Associated Benefits 431
Akuzuo Ofoefule, Eunice Uzodinma and Cynthia Ibeto
Chapter 23 Agricultural Dairy Wastewaters 447
Owen Fenton, Mark G. Healy, Raymond B. Brennan, Ana Joao
Serrenho, Stan T.J. Lalor, Daire O hUallacháin and Karl G. Richards
Preface
Wastes are materials generated as a result of numerous anthropic activities and should
be disposed to prevent environmental pollution which aff ects human health and con-
tributes ecosystem degradation. Most of the environmental problems, which we are
dealing with, are a result of improper management of wastes. In particular, fresh water
resources are under serious stress throughout the globe. Water supply and water qual-
ity degradation are global concerns.
Anthropogenic pollution of natural waters constitutes of many substances and many
water bodies receive a varied range of waste water from point and/or non point sourc-
es. Hence there is an increasing need for bett er tools to asses the eff ects of pollution
sources and prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. The reduction of risks
to the aquatic systems requires the characterization of waste waters, the analysis of
the impact of waste water on freshwaters and the reduction of contaminants through
the application of appropriate policies and measures. Therefore, the development of
improved monitoring tools, impact evaluation approaches and treatment technologies
are active research fi elds.
The major sources of wastewater can be classifi ed as municipal, industrial and agricul-
tural. In order to evaluate the impact of these types of waste waters on the aquatic eco-
system, monitoring is necessary because wastewater is discharged back into surface.
To ensure the effl uent water quality, some global parameters such as biological oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total
suspended solids (TSS) are usually measured. In addition to the latt er indicators, toxi-
cological assessment of environmental samples is necessary for a proper monitoring of
wastewater quality. On the other hand, the use of models for predicting effl uent indica-
tors can provide eff ective guidance for the operation of waste water treatment plants.
This multi-authored book takes a look at various aspects concerning the evaluation
and management of waste water. The book chapters, heterogeneous in nature, were
invited by the publisher and the authors are responsible for their statements. The ac-
curacy of each chapter was checked by the authors through proof reading stages. The
book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to waste water monitoring, the evalua-
tion of waste water eff ect on diff erent natural environments and the management of
water resources. The reader will fi nd current information and data obtained in studies
undertaken to assess the quality of waste waters and the impact of pollution sources on
natural water bodies. The chapters are basically organized in three sections. In the fi rst
section, chapters are mainly focused on methods for monitoring parameters of waste
X Preface
water quality. The second section includes several case studies dealing with the evalu-
ation of the eff ects of waste water on diff erent regions in the world. The fi nal section
covers topics related to waste water management and environmental policies.
We hope that this publication will be a useful document for students, professionals and
researchers of various disciplines related to waste water evaluation and management.
The book is a result of eff orts by many experts from diff erent fi elds. I would like to ac-
knowledge the authors, who are from diff erent countries, for their contribution to the
book. I wish to off er special thanks to Prof. Katarina Lovrecic for her exceptional help
throughout the preparation process.
Fernando García Einschlag
La Plata University
Argentina
