Table Of ContentENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Pichtel Second Edition
WASTE
Second Edition W
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
A
MANAGEMENT
S
Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
T
E
PR ACTICES
Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial, Second Edition M
addresses the three main categories of wastes (hazardous, municipal, and “special” wastes)
covered under federal regulation outlined in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act A
(RCRA), an established framework for managing the generation, transportation, treatment,
N
storage, and disposal of several forms of waste.
Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
A
Focusing on integrating the technical and regulatory complexities of waste management,
this book covers the historical and regulatory development of waste management and the G
management of municipal solid wastes. It also addresses hazardous wastes and their
E
management, from the perspectives of identification, transportation, and requirements for
generators as well as treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. M
Features: E
N
• Covers the three main categories of wastes under regulation in the United States
T
• Incorporates an extensive set of problems, presented at the end of several
chapters as appendices
P
• Includes numerous review/homework questions at the end of each chapter
R
• Highlights special categories of waste that may not fit precisely into either
RCRA Subtitle D (Solid Wastes) or Subtitle C (Hazardous Wastes)
A
In addition to the end-of-chapter problems provided in all chapters of this book, the text also C
contains practical exercises using data from field situations.
T
I
Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial, Second Edition is an
C
ideal textbook or reference guide for students and professionals involved in the management
of all three categories of wastes. E
S
K19078
John Pichtel
Second Edition
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WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
Second Edition
Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
Second Edition
Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial
John Pichtel
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140114
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8519-5 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
List of Illustrations .......................................................................................................................xxiii
Preface........................................................................................................................................xxxiii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................xxxv
About the Author .....................................................................................................................xxxvii
Part I Historical and Regulatory Development
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................3
1.1 Definition of a Solid Waste ................................................................................5
1.2 Categories of Wastes .........................................................................................5
1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste .........................................................................6
1.2.2 Hazardous Waste ..................................................................................8
1.2.3 Industrial Waste ....................................................................................8
1.2.4 Medical Waste ......................................................................................9
1.2.5 Universal Waste ....................................................................................9
1.2.6 Electronics Waste ...............................................................................10
1.2.7 Construction and Demolition Debris .................................................10
1.2.8 Radioactive Waste ..............................................................................10
1.2.9 Mining Waste .....................................................................................11
1.2.10 Agricultural Waste .............................................................................12
1.3 Generation of MSW .........................................................................................13
1.4 Solid Waste Management ................................................................................15
1.4.1 Source Reduction ...............................................................................16
1.4.2 Recycling ............................................................................................16
1.4.3 Incineration ........................................................................................16
1.4.4 Land Disposal.....................................................................................18
1.4.5 Goals at the Federal Level ..................................................................18
Questions ....................................................................................................................18
References ..................................................................................................................19
Suggested Readings and Websites .............................................................................20
Chapter 2 A Brief History of Waste Management ......................................................................21
2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................21
2.2 Earliest Civilizations .......................................................................................21
2.3 Greece ..............................................................................................................22
2.4 Rome ................................................................................................................22
2.5 Europe .............................................................................................................23
2.6 United States ....................................................................................................28
2.7 Recent Waste Management Initiatives ............................................................35
2.8 Solid Waste Incineration and Other Thermal Processes .................................36
2.9 Land Disposal and the Sanitary Landfill ........................................................40
2.10 Recycling/Reuse ..............................................................................................43
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Questions ....................................................................................................................44
References ..................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3 Regulatory Development ............................................................................................47
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................47
3.2 Significant U.S. Legislation .............................................................................47
3.2.1 Solid Waste Disposal Act ...................................................................47
3.2.2 Resource Recovery Act ......................................................................48
3.2.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act .........................................48
3.2.4 Solid Waste Management under RCRA .............................................48
3.2.5 Hazardous Waste Management under RCRA ....................................49
3.2.6 Underground Storage Tank Management...........................................50
3.2.7 Amendments to RCRA ......................................................................51
3.2.7.1 1980 Amendments ..............................................................51
3.2.7.2 Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 .........51
3.2.7.3 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984.............52
3.2.7.4 Medical Waste Tracking Act ..............................................52
3.2.7.5 Federal Facility Compliance Act ........................................52
3.2.7.6 1996 Amendments ..............................................................53
3.3 Other Recent Laws Affecting Waste Management .........................................53
3.3.1 Public Utility Regulation and Policy Act of 1978 ..............................53
3.3.2 Sanitary Food Transportation Act ......................................................54
3.3.3 Clean Air Act .....................................................................................54
3.3.4 Pollution Prevention Act .....................................................................54
3.3.5 Indian Lands Open Dump Cleanup Act .............................................54
3.3.6 Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act ....55
3.4 Relationship of RCRA with Other Environmental Statutes ............................55
3.5 Laws, Regulations, and Other Actions at the Federal Level ...........................55
3.5.1 Lawmaking Process ...........................................................................55
3.5.2 Regulations .........................................................................................56
3.5.3 Policy and Guidance...........................................................................57
3.5.4 Public Involvement in RCRA .............................................................58
Questions ....................................................................................................................58
References ..................................................................................................................59
Suggested Readings ....................................................................................................59
Part II Municipal Solid Wastes
Chapter 4 Characterization of Solid Waste .................................................................................63
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................63
4.2 Sampling Protocols for MSW..........................................................................63
4.2.1 Direct Sampling .................................................................................63
4.2.2 Material Flows ....................................................................................64
4.2.3 Surveys ...............................................................................................64
4.2.4 Multipliers for Projecting Waste Quantities .......................................65
4.3 Variability Affecting Waste Sampling ............................................................66
4.3.1 Seasonal ..............................................................................................66
4.3.2 Regional ..............................................................................................67
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4.3.3 Household ...........................................................................................68
4.3.4 National Economy ..............................................................................68
4.4 Common Components in Municipal Solid Waste ...........................................68
4.4.1 Paper Products ....................................................................................68
4.4.2 Glass ...................................................................................................71
4.4.3 Aluminum ..........................................................................................71
4.4.4 Ferrous Metals ....................................................................................71
4.4.5 Other Nonferrous Metals ...................................................................71
4.4.6 Plastics ................................................................................................72
4.4.7 Rubber and Leather ............................................................................73
4.4.8 Textiles ...............................................................................................74
4.4.9 Food Wastes .......................................................................................74
4.4.10 Yard Waste .........................................................................................74
4.4.11 Household Hazardous Wastes ............................................................75
4.4.11.1 Toxic Metals .......................................................................76
4.4.11.2 Organic Compounds ...........................................................77
4.5 Chemical Properties of MSW .........................................................................78
4.5.1 Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste Components .................................78
4.5.2 Proximate Analysis of MSW ..............................................................82
4.5.3 Energy Content of MSW ....................................................................82
4.5.4 Fusion Point of Ash ............................................................................86
4.5.5 Content of Nutrients and Other Substrates .........................................86
4.5.6 Carbohydrates.....................................................................................88
4.5.7 Crude Fibers .......................................................................................88
4.5.8 Proteins ...............................................................................................89
4.5.9 Lipids ..................................................................................................90
4.5.10 Biodegradability of MSW Fractions ..................................................90
4.6 Physical Properties of MSW ...........................................................................90
4.6.1 Density................................................................................................90
4.6.2 Moisture Content ................................................................................93
4.6.3 Particle Size Distribution ...................................................................94
4.6.4 Field Capacity .....................................................................................96
4.6.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Waste ....................................97
Questions ....................................................................................................................97
Exercise: Waste Characterization ...............................................................................99
References ..................................................................................................................99
Suggested Readings ..................................................................................................100
Chapter 5 Municipal Solid Waste Collection ............................................................................103
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................103
5.2 Developing a Waste Collection System .........................................................103
5.2.1 Characterization of Wastes...............................................................103
5.2.2 Service Area and Level of Service ...................................................103
5.2.3 Public versus Private Collection.......................................................104
5.2.4 Funding the Collection System ........................................................104
5.3 Logistics of the Collection Program ..............................................................105
5.3.1 Storage Container Requirements......................................................105
5.3.2 Set-Out Requirements ......................................................................105
5.3.3 Waste Separation ..............................................................................105
5.3.4 Frequency of Collection ...................................................................106
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5.3.5 Waste Pickup Locations ...................................................................106
5.3.6 Collection Equipment .......................................................................107
5.3.7 Automated Waste Collection ............................................................108
5.3.8 Developing Collection Routes ..........................................................111
5.3.9 Route Development ..........................................................................112
5.3.10 Waste Transfer ..................................................................................113
5.3.11 Types of Transfer Stations ................................................................113
5.3.11.1 Small to Medium Transfer Stations (Capacity of Less
than 100–500 Tons per Day) .............................................116
5.3.11.2 Large Transfer Stations .....................................................116
5.3.11.3 Transfer Station Design Considerations ...........................117
5.3.12 Transfer Vehicles ..............................................................................120
5.3.12.1 Trucks and Semitrailers ....................................................120
5.3.12.2 Rail Cars ...........................................................................120
Questions ..................................................................................................................120
References ................................................................................................................121
Suggested Readings ..................................................................................................122
Chapter 6 Recycling Solid Wastes ............................................................................................125
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................125
6.2 Recycling Terminology .................................................................................126
6.3 Recycling Progress and Statistics ..................................................................127
6.4 Recovery and Markets for Components of the Waste Stream .......................128
6.5 Market Issues .................................................................................................128
6.6 Purity of Materials.........................................................................................129
6.7 Paper ..............................................................................................................129
6.7.1 Paper Manufacture ...........................................................................129
6.7.2 Paper Recycling ................................................................................131
6.7.3 Other Paper Markets ........................................................................133
6.7.4 Benefits of Paper Recycling .............................................................134
6.8 Glass ..............................................................................................................134
6.8.1 Glass Manufacture ...........................................................................134
6.8.2 Glass Recycling ................................................................................134
6.8.3 Glass Recycling Process ...................................................................135
6.8.4 Color .................................................................................................136
6.8.5 Contamination ..................................................................................136
6.8.6 Glass Markets ...................................................................................137
6.8.7 Container Glass ................................................................................137
6.8.8 Other Uses for Recycled Glass .........................................................137
6.8.9 Benefits of Glass Recycling ..............................................................138
6.9 Aluminum ......................................................................................................139
6.9.1 Aluminum Manufacturing ...............................................................139
6.9.2 Aluminum Recycling .......................................................................140
6.9.3 Specifications for Recovered Aluminum .........................................142
6.9.4 Benefits of Aluminum Recycling .....................................................142
6.9.5 One Final Note on Aluminum ..........................................................143
6.10 Ferrous Metals ...............................................................................................143
6.10.1 Steel Manufacture ............................................................................143
6.10.2 Ferrous Recycling .............................................................................145
6.10.3 Benefits of Ferrous Recycling ..........................................................147
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6.11 Plastics ...........................................................................................................148
6.11.1 Plastics Manufacture ........................................................................148
6.11.2 Extrusion ..........................................................................................149
6.11.3 Blow Molding ...................................................................................150
6.11.4 Injection Molding .............................................................................150
6.11.5 Compression Molding ......................................................................151
6.11.6 Plastics Recycling .............................................................................151
6.11.7 Processing for Recycling ..................................................................152
6.12 Yard Waste .....................................................................................................153
6.13 Food Waste ....................................................................................................154
6.14 Tires and Rubber ...........................................................................................154
6.14.1 Design and Manufacture ..................................................................154
6.14.2 Disposal and Recycling ....................................................................154
6.14.2.1 Recycling ..........................................................................158
6.14.2.2 Crumb Rubber ..................................................................158
6.14.2.3 Retreaded Tires .................................................................158
6.15 Goals for the Nation ......................................................................................158
Questions ..................................................................................................................160
References ................................................................................................................161
Suggested Readings ..................................................................................................163
Chapter 7 Municipal Solid Waste Processing: Materials Recovery Facilities ..........................165
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................165
7.2 Materials Recovery Facility ..........................................................................165
7.2.1 Unit Operations ................................................................................166
7.2.2 Weigh Station ...................................................................................166
7.2.3 Receiving Area .................................................................................167
7.2.4 Storage Area .....................................................................................167
7.2.5 Mobile Equipment in the MRF ........................................................170
7.2.6 Fixed Equipment in the MRF ..........................................................171
7.2.7 Conveyors .........................................................................................171
7.2.8 Scales ................................................................................................174
7.3 Materials Recovery at MRF Unit Operations ...............................................175
7.4 Materials Separation and Processing at the MRF .........................................176
7.4.1 Hand-Sorting ....................................................................................176
7.4.2 Screening ..........................................................................................177
7.4.2.1 Trommel Screens ..............................................................177
7.4.2.2 Disk Screens .....................................................................181
7.4.2.3 Vibrating Screens .............................................................182
7.4.3 Size Reduction ..................................................................................182
7.4.3.1 Compactors .......................................................................182
7.4.3.2 Balers ................................................................................182
7.4.3.3 Densifiers ..........................................................................184
7.4.3.4 Shredders ..........................................................................184
7.4.3.5 Hammermills ....................................................................185
7.4.3.6 Horizontal-Shaft Hammermills ........................................187
7.4.3.7 Vertical-Shaft Hammermills ............................................187
7.4.3.8 Rotary Shear .....................................................................189
7.4.3.9 Flail Mill ...........................................................................189
7.4.3.10 Hammer Wear ...................................................................189
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