Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World

872 Pages·2022·13.084 MB·English

by  Pardeep Singh, Pramit Verma Rishikesh Singh, Arif Ahamad, André C. S. Batalhão

Waste Management and
Resource Recycling in the
Developing World
This pageintentionallyleftblank
Waste Management and
Resource Recycling in the
Developing World
Edited by
PARDEEP SINGH
DepartmentofEnvironmentalStudies,PGDAVCollege,UniversityofDelhi,
NewDelhi,India
PRAMIT VERMA
InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment,BanarasHindu
University,Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India;UniversityCentreofExcellence
“InteractingMinds,Societies,Environment”,NicolausCopernicus
University,UniwersytetMikołajaKopernika(UMK)Torun,Poland
RISHIKESH SINGH
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Botany, Panjab
University,Chandigarh, India
ARIF AHAMAD
DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,FacultyofEngineeringand
Technology,JamiaMilliaIslamia(ACentralUniversity),NewDelhi,India
ANDRÉ C. S. BATALHÃO
Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA
University Lisbon,Caparica, Portugal;Minas GeraisState University,
Passos, Brazil
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements
withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,
canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or
medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In
usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof
others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,
assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts
liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,
instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-90463-6
ForInformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:CandiceJanco
AcquisitionsEditor:GabrielaCapille
EditorialProjectManager:NaomiRobertson
ProductionProjectManager:ErragountaSaibabuRao
CoverDesigner:VickyPearsonEsser
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
Listofcontributors xxv
Section 1 Generation of waste: problem to possible
solution in developing and under developing nations
1. Waste generation in Brazil: municipal,agricultural, and industrial wastes 3
IngridR.F.S.Alves,LuízaSantanaFranca,NeandersonGalvão,IsabelliD.Bassinand
JoãoPauloBassin
Abbreviations 3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Municipalsolidwaste 5
1.3 Agriculturalwaste 11
1.4 Industrialwaste 16
1.5 Perspectives 18
References 19
2. Generation of waste: problemto possible solution in developing and
underdevelopednations 21
MahadiHasanMasud,MonjurMourshed,Md.SanowarHossain,
NufileUddinAhmedandPeterDabnichki
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Overviewofwastegenerationscenario 24
2.3 Effectofwaste 26
2.3.1 Effectofwasteofelectricalandelectronicequipment 26
2.3.2 Effectofmedicalwaste 28
2.3.3 Effectofindustrialwaste 29
2.3.4 Effectofmunicipalsolidwaste 29
2.4 Currentstatusofwastemanagement 31
2.4.1 Reviewofsomehigh-incomecountries 31
2.4.2 Upper-middle-incomecountries 34
2.4.3 Lower-middle-incomecountries 34
2.4.4 Low-incomecountries 36
2.5 Possiblesolution 37
2.5.1 Overview 37
2.5.2 Structuringwastemanagementactivities 40
v
vi Contents
2.5.3 Wastetoenergyandwastetoproductsconversion 41
2.5.4 Landfilling 42
2.5.5 Circularmaterialeconomy 42
2.5.6 Infrastructuredevelopment 43
2.5.7 Managinginfectiouswaste 44
2.5.8 Composting 45
2.5.9 Sustainablerecycling 46
2.5.10 Environmentalsustainability 47
2.5.11 Publicstewardship 48
2.5.12 Novelmaterials 48
2.5.13 Extendedproducerresponsibility 49
2.6 Conclusion 50
2.7 Futurerecommendations 50
References 51
3. Use of participatory methodologiesto improvethe management of
urban solidwaste in Sal Island—Cape Verde 61
CarlosXavier,AnaPaulaMartinhoandElisaSilvanaXavier
3.1 Introduction—issuesfacedbysmallislanddevelopingstates 61
3.2 Stateofresearchofmunicipalsolidwastemanagementinsmallislanddevelopingstates 63
3.2.1 Wastegeneration 63
3.2.2 Wastecomposition 64
3.2.3 Wasteselection,transferandtransport 64
3.2.4 Wastemanagementtechnologies 64
3.2.5 Newtrendinintegratedmunicipalsolidwasteandfuturedevelopment 66
3.3 Methodology 67
3.4 Casestudy—municipalsolidwastemanagementinSalIsland 68
3.4.1 CharacterizationofSalIsland 68
3.4.2 LegalinstrumentsformunicipalsolidwastemanagementinCapeVerde 72
3.4.3 BenchmarkstatusofmunicipalsolidwastemanagementinSalIsland
(interviewswithtechnicalstaff) 73
3.4.4 Validationofcurrentsituationbythefocusgroup 74
3.4.5 Hierarchyofprioritymeasurestobeimplementedinmunicipalsolid
wastemanagement 79
3.5 Conclusions 81
References 82
4. Waste characterizationin Brazil 85
IngridR.F.S.Alves,NeandersonGalvão,IsabelliD.BassinandJoãoPauloBassin
Abbreviations 85
4.1 Introduction 86
Contents vii
4.2 Municipalsolidwaste 86
4.2.1 Selectivewastecollection 88
4.2.2 Reverselogistics 90
4.3 Healthservicewaste 91
4.4 Constructionanddemolitionwaste 91
4.5 Agriculturalwaste 92
4.6 Industrialwaste 94
4.7 Treatmentandfinaldestination 95
4.8 Finalconsiderationsandperspectives 96
References 97
Section 2 E-waste
5. E-waste:sources, management strategies, impacts,and consequences 101
SujitDas,TanushriDas,TaniaGhatak(Chakraborty),HimadrijaMajumder,
SahanaSultanaandAbhijitSarkar
5.1 Introduction 102
5.2 E-Waste—aglobalissue 103
5.3 Sourcesofe-waste 103
5.3.1 Toxicsubstancesandtheirgenesis 104
5.4 Generationofe-waste 104
5.5 E-wasterecycling 105
5.5.1 Step-by-stepprocessofe-wasterecycling 105
5.5.2 Importanceofrecycling 108
5.5.3 Convenienceofrecycling 108
5.5.4 Inconvenienceofrecycling 109
5.6 E-Wastecomponent’sreuse 110
5.6.1 Plastic 110
5.6.2 Metal 110
5.6.3 Glass 110
5.6.4 Hg-containingequipment 110
5.6.5 Harddrives 110
5.6.6 Batteries 110
5.7 Effectsofe-wasteintheenvironment 111
5.7.1 Air 111
5.7.2 Soil 112
5.7.3 Water 114
5.8 EffectsofE-wasteonhumanhealth 114
viii Contents
5.9 Impactsonagriculture 115
5.10 Managementtechniquesofe-waste 115
5.11 Conclusion 118
Acknowledgement 118
References 118
6. Translationaltransport of e-waste andimplications on humanwell
beings and the environment 125
Sangeeta,ShilpiKhuranaandAmitKumar
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Globale-wastegeneration 127
6.3 Transboundarymovementofe-waste 128
6.4 Internationalregulationsforthehazardousmaterialtransboundarymovement 130
6.4.1 Baselconvention 131
6.4.2 Therotterdamconvention 132
6.4.3 TheStockholmconvention 132
6.5 Humanhealth 133
6.6 Environmentaleffect 136
6.7 Discussion 138
6.8 Conclusionandfutureperspective 139
References 140
7. Electronic(E-waste)conduct:chemicalassessmentandtreatmentmethods 143
ShellyBhardwaj,ShilpiKhuranaandAmitKumar
7.1 Introduction 143
7.1.1 Classificationofhazardouscomponentsofe-waste 146
7.2 Humanandenvironmentaleffects 148
7.2.1 Impactonenvironment 148
7.2.2 Impactonhumanhealth 149
7.3 Currentscenarioofprocessing 150
7.3.1 Informalrecyclingtechniques 150
7.3.2 Formalrecyclingtechniques 151
7.4 Electronicwastelegislations 153
7.4.1 Transboundaryflow 154
7.4.2 Extendedproducerresponsibility 154
7.5 PolicydevelopmentinAsiaforelectronicwaste 155
7.6 Analysisofe-wastemanagementpolicies 157
7.7 Discussion 157
7.8 Conclusion 158
Acknowledgments 158
References 158
Contents ix
8. Biological methodsfor the treatment of e-waste 163
AbhayPunia,NaliniSinghChauhanandRavindraPratapSingh
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 Classificationofe-waste 164
8.3 Globalscenarioofe-waste 165
8.4 Disposalmethodsofe-waste 167
8.4.1 Bioremediationofe-waste 168
8.4.2 Phytoremediationofe-waste 171
8.4.3 Vermiremediation 174
8.5 Conclusion 175
References 175
Furtherreading 179
9. Chemical methodsfor the treatment of e-waste 181
PritiMalhotraandArtiJain
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Identificationofe-waste 182
9.3 Effectsonair 186
9.3.1 Effectsonsoil 187
9.3.2 Effectsonwater 187
9.3.3 Effectsonhumanhealth 188
9.4 Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons 189
9.5 Dioxinandfuran-relatedhealthrisks 189
9.6 Leadasahealthdeterrentonexposure 189
9.7 Berylliumexposureanditshealthdamages 189
9.8 Cadmiumaspotenthealthdeterrent 190
9.9 Exposuretomercuryanditshealthdamages 190
9.10 Flameretardants’healthdamages 190
9.11 Landfillinganditshazards 191
9.12 Hazardscausedbylandfilling 191
9.13 Incinerationanditshazards 191
9.14 Damagesandhazardsofincinerationprocessinvolvethefollowing 192
9.15 Recyclingofe-waste 192
9.16 Structureofprintedcircuitboard 192
9.17 Techniquesofchemicalrecycling 193
9.18 Chemicaltreatmentbymetallurgicalprocesses 194
9.19 Chemicalrecyclingtechniques 196
9.20 Electrochemicalprocess 196
9.21 Recyclingbythermalmethods 198
9.22 Pyrolysisprocess 199