Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture: closing the rural-urban nutrient cycle in sub-Saharan Africa

243 Pages·2001·1.5 MB·English

by  Drechsel

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WASTE COMPOSTING FOR URBAN AND
PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE
Closing the Rural–Urban Nutrient Cycle in
Sub-Saharan Africa
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Waste Composting for Urban and
Peri-urban Agriculture
Closing the Rural–Urban Nutrient Cycle in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Edited by
Pay Drechsel
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Subregional Office
Ghana
and
Dagmar Kunze
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
Regional Office for Africa
Ghana
Published by
International Water Management Institute
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
CABIPublishing
Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page iv
© 2001 by IWMI and FAO. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of
material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial
purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright
holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this
information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without
written permission of the copyright holders.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture : closing the rural-urban nutrient
cycle in sub-Saharan Africa / edited by Pay Drechsel, Dagmar Kunze.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-548-9 (alk. paper)
1. Compost--Africa, Sub-Saharan. Ι.Drechsel, Pay. ΙΙ. Kunze, Dagmar.
S661 .W35 2001
631.8’75’0967--dc21 00-052905
Published jointly by:
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ISBN 0 85199 548 9 (CABI)
ISBN 92 5 104591 7 (FAO)
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and
the International Water Management Institute concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area
or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
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not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, territory or area in the
development process.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Water Management Institute.
*In April 2001, the research programme of the International Board for Soil Research and Management
(IBSRAM) was merged into the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This volume is based
mainly on papers presented at an international IBSRAM–FAO workshop on urban and peri-urban agriculture
held in Accra, Ghana, from 2 to 6 August 1999. The local co-host was the Accra Metropolitan Assembly
(AMA). The workshop was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research
Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada.
Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page v
Contents
Contributors vii
Acknowledgements xi
Foreword xiii
Introduction xv
1 The Potential Use of Waste-stream Products for Soil
Amelioration in Peri-urban Interface Agricultural
Production Systems 1
P.J.C. Harris, M. Allison, G. Smith, H.M. Kindness and J. Kelley
2 Economic, Sociocultural and Environmental Considerations
2.1 The Economic Viability of Organic Waste Composting 29
R.G. Niemeyer, H. Litterscheid and S. Sanders
2.2 Assessing Farmers’ Perceptions of Organic Wastes as
Nutrient Sources 43
P. Drechsel, C. Quansah and S. Asante-Mensah
2.3 Environmental Concerns of Urban and Peri-urban
Agriculture: Case Studies from Accra and Kumasi 55
E. Mensah, P. Amoah, P. Drechsel and R.C. Abaidoo
3 Turning Urban Waste into Fertilizer for Urban and Peri-
urban Farmers: Case Studies from East and West Africa
3.1 Ibadan
Turning Municipal Waste into Compost: the Case of Ibadan 69
T. Agbola
Urban Vegetable Production in Lagos and Ibadan 82
M.A.O. Oladokun
v
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vi Contents
3.2 Accra
Turning Municipal Waste into Compost: the Case of Accra 84
I. Etuah-Jackson, W.P. Klaassen and J.A. Awuye
3.3 Kumasi
Farming Systems and Farming Inputs in and around Kumasi 96
K. Nsiah-Gyabaah and M. Adam
An Integrated Waste Management Strategy for Kumasi 112
L. Salifu
3.4 Dar es Salaam
Linking (Peri-)urban Agriculture and Organic Waste
Management in Dar es Salaam 115
S. Kiango and J. Amend
3.5 Lomé
Urban Agriculture in Lomé 129
M.E.A. Schreurs and H. Van Reuler
Adding Value to Compost from Urban Household and
Market Refuse in Lomé 133
A. Kessler and J. Helbig
3.6 Optimizing Nutrient Recycling and Urban Waste Management
– New Concepts from Northern Europe 137
J. Magid, A. Dalsgaard and M. Henze
4 Modelling Urban and Peri-urban Biomass and Nutrient Flows
4.1 Assessing the Potential of Organic Waste Recycling
through the Analysis of Rural–Urban Carbon Fluxes 141
C. Binder and N. Patzel
4.2 The Potential of Co-composting in Kumasi – Quantification
of the Urban and Peri-urban Nutrient Balance 150
C. Leitzinger
4.3 Estimating Rural–Urban Nutrient Flows for Mega-cities 163
J. Færge, J. Magid and F. Penning de Vries
4.4 Monitoring Nutrient Flows and Economic Performance in
African Farming Systems: the NUTMONApproach and its
Applicability to Peri-urban Agriculture 176
H. Van den Bosch, D. Eaton, M.S. Van Wijk, J. Vlaming and A. De Jager
4.5 Definition and Boundaries of the Peri-urban Interface:
Patterns in the Patchwork 193
M. Adam
5 Urban Agriculture: International Support and
Capacity Building in Africa 209
C.J. Sawio, L. Spies and D. Doucouré
6 Research and Development Priorities 219
P. Drechsel and D. Kunze
Index 225
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Contributors
Abaidoo, R.C. Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
Adam, M. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Central Avenue, Chatham
Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; present address: Gundulf’s Meadow, 181
Offham Road, West Malling, Kent ME19 6RF, UK
Agbola, T.Center for Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Science,
University of Ibadan, PO Box 26970, Agodi Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria
Allison, M. Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore,
Coventry CV8 3LG, UK
Amend, J.Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, German Technical Co-operation
(GTZ), PO Box 31311, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Amoah, P. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (formerly of
International Board for Soil Research and Management; IBSRAM),
Ghana Subregional Office for West Africa, c/o Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
Asante-Mensah, S. Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm
Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
(KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
Awuye, J.A. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Waste Management
Department (WMD), PO Box 1269, Accra, Ghana
Binder, C.Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EAWAG), PO Box 611, CH-8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Dalsgaard, A.Department for Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,
Denmark
De Jager, A.Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703,
The Hague, The Netherlands
vii
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viii Contributors
Doucouré, D.African Institute of Urban Management (IAGU), PO Box 7263,
Dakar, Senegal
Drechsel, P.International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (formerly of
International Board for Soil Research and Management; IBSRAM),
Ghana Subregional Office for West Africa, c/o Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
Eaton, D. Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703,
The Hague, The Netherlands
Etuah-Jackson, I. GROWTH Integrated Development Programmes (NGO),
PO Box CT.4727, Accra, Ghana
Færge, J. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,
Denmark
Harris, P.J.C. School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University,
Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; Henry Doubleday Research
Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK
Helbig, J. Humboldt-University of Berlin, College of Agriculture and
Horticulture, Department of Phytomedicine, Lentzeallee 55–57, D-14195
Berlin, Germany
Henze, M. Department for Environmental Science and Engineering, B 115,
Danish Technical University, DK- Lyngby 2800, Denmark
Kelley, J.CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK
Kessler, A. Humboldt-University of Berlin, Institute of Agricultural Sociology,
Luisenstrasse 53, D-10099 Berlin, Germany
Kiango, S. Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, Ministry of Agriculture and
Co-operatives, PO Box 31311, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Kindness, H.M. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Central Avenue,
Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
Klaassen, W.P.GROWTHIntegrated Development Programmes (NGO), PO Box
CT.4727, Accra, Ghana
Kunze, D. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
Ghana Regional Office for Africa, PO Box 1628, Accra, Ghana
Leitzinger, C. Entsorgung + Recycling Zürich (ERZ), Baendlistrasse 108,
CH-8010 Zurich, Switzerland
Litterscheid, H. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs-
wintererstrasse827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany
Magid, J. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C,
Denmark
Mensah, E. Agricultural Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
Niemeyer, R.G. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs-
wintererstrasse 827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany
Nsiah-Gyabaah, K.Sunyani Polytechnic, PO Box 206, Sunyani, Ghana
Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page ix
Contributors ix
Oladokun, M.A.O. Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture,
PM Box 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
Patzel, N. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EAWAG), PO Box 611,
CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Penning de Vries, F. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
(formerly of International Board for Soil Research and Management;
IBSRAM), PO Box 9-109, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Quansah, C. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi,
Ghana
Salifu, L. Urban Environmental Sanitation (Urban IV) Project, Kumasi
Metropolitan Assembly, PO Box 1916, Kumasi, Ghana; present address:
Water and Sanitation Program, Africa Region, The World Bank, POBox
30577, Nairobi, Kenya
Sanders, S. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs-
wintererstrasse 827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany
Sawio, C.J. University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania
Schreurs, M.E.A. International Institute for Soil Fertility Management
(IFDC-Africa), PO Box 4483, Lomé, Togo
Smith, G. Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore,
Coventry CV8 3LG, UK
Spies, L. Technikon Pretoria, PB X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South
Africa
Van den Bosch, H. Alterra Green World Research, PO Box 125, 6700AC
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Van Reuler, H. International Institute for Soil Fertility Management (IFDC-
Africa) PO Box 4483, Lomé, Togo
Van Wijk, M.S.Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box
29703, The Hague, The Netherlands
Vlaming, J. Alterra Green World Research, PO Box 125, 6700AC
Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Acknowledgements
Several people and institutions have contributed directly or indirectly to this
document. Among those who have offered particular assistance and inspira-
tion are Frits Penning de Vries at IWMI (formerly IBSRAM) and Rachel
Nugent, Doyle Baker and other colleagues from the working group on urban
and peri-urban agriculture at FAO’s Headquarters. We are also grateful to
Racim Sant’Anna and his agriculture group at FAO’s Regional Office for
Africa; Robin Leslie, language and style editor, and his team at the former
IBSRAM Headquarters; and the research group at IWMI’s Africa Office in
Kumasi, Ghana.
We are much obliged to all authors for their contributions including
those derived from the international workshop on urban and peri-urban agri-
culture held in Accra in 1999 with the aid of grants from FAO, IDRC, Ottawa,
Canada, and IBSRAM.
Pay Drechsel
Dagmar Kunze
xi