Table Of ContentWASTE
SECOND EDITION
WASTE
A Handbook for Management
SECOND EDITION
Editedby
T M. L
REVOR ETCHER
EmeritusProfessor,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,
LaurelHouse,FosseWay,StrattonontheFosse,Somerset,UnitedKingdom
D A. V
ANIEL ALLERO
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,PrattSchoolofEngineering,
DukeUniversity,Durham,NC,UnitedStates
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Dedication
For our wives, children, and grandchildren, as usevenmoreconfidentinthescienceandman-
well as the past, present, and future engineers, agement strategies that will underpin success.
scientists, managers, and all concerned with We welcome the next generation of waste
the challenge of addressing wastes. Already management.
optimists, editing this second edition has made
Theenvironmentalstewardshipethosbeginsyoung.Sketch:“CorgiinRecyclingBin”
byChloeJayneRandall(age10);usedwithpermission.
v
Contributors
AndreasBartl InstituteofChemical,Environmental Selin Hoboy Legislative and Regulatory Affairs,
& Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Stericycle,Inc.,Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates
Austria Paul D. Hooper Manchester Metropolitan Univer-
Geoffrey Blight Professor Emeritus, University of sity,Manchester,UnitedKingdom
theWitwatersrand,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica Kay Johnen Department of Processing and Recy-
Geoff Blight Pratt School of Engineering, Duke cling,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany
University,Durham,NC,UnitedStates Jo€rg Julius Department of Processing and Recy-
Marcel Bosling Department of Processing and cling,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany
Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Ruediger Kuehr United Nations University—Vice
Germany RectorateinEurope,SustainableCycles(SCYCLE)
John H. Butler Manchester Metropolitan Univer- Programme,Bonn,Germany
sity,Manchester,UnitedKingdom Trevor M. Letcher Emeritus Professor, University
Tom Cherrett Pratt School of Engineering, Duke of KwaZulu-Natal, Laurel House, FosseWay,
University,Durham,NC,UnitedStates StrattonontheFosse,Somerset,UnitedKingdom
Marian Chertow School of Forestry and Environ- Edith Martinez-Guerra Engineer Research and
mental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, DevelopmentCenter—U.S.Army,Vicksburg,MS,
USA UnitedStates
Stephen C. Cosper Engineer Research and Devel- Fraser McLeod Pratt School of Engineering, Duke
opment Center—U.S. Army, Vicksburg, MS, University,Durham,NC,UnitedStates
UnitedStates VictorF.Medina Engineer ResearchandDevelop-
Tiago Matos de Carvalho Cranfield University, ment Center—U.S. Army, Vicksburg, MS, United
Cranfield,UnitedKingdom States
Alexander Feil Department of Processing and Imogen E. Napper Marine Biology and Ecology
Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine
Germany Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth,
Sarah Gabbott School of Geography, Geology and UnitedKingdom
theEnvironment,UniversityofLeicester,Leicester, MohamedOsmani SchoolofArchitecture,Building
UnitedKingdom and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University,
Nicolas Go Department of Processing and Recy- Loughborough,UnitedKingdom
cling,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany Ronald A. Palmer Consultant, Scottsdale, AZ,
Andy Green Agriculture & Environment Research UnitedStates
Unit, Department of Biological & Environmental Jooyoung Park Graduate School of Energy and
Sciences, School of Life & Medical Sciences, Uni- Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea
versity of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United University,Seoul,SouthKorea
Kingdom Thomas Pretz Department of Processing and
Stephen Hobbs Cranfield University, Cranfield, Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
UnitedKingdom Germany
xiii
xiv
CONTRIBUTORS
GaryM.Scott DepartmentofPaperandBioprocess Daniel A. Vallero Department of Civil and Envi-
Engineering,StateUniversityofNewYork,College ronmental Engineering; Pratt School of Engineer-
of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, ing,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC,UnitedStates
NY,UnitedStates Daniel J. Vallero Public Works Department, Engi-
ValerieShulman DepartmentofCivilandEnviron- neeringSection,Durham,NC,UnitedStates
mental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, Paola Villoria-Sa´ez School of Building Construc-
NC,UnitedStates tion, Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid, Madrid,
Valerie L. Shulman The European Tyre Recycling Spain
Association(ETRA),Brussels,Belgium ColinN.Waters SchoolofGeography,Geologyand
Rebecca Slack School of Geography, University of theEnvironment,UniversityofLeicester,Leicester,
Leeds,Leeds,UnitedKingdom UnitedKingdom
Gene Stansbery NASA Orbital Debris Program NatalieWelden SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Ports-
Office, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, mouthUniversity,Portsmouth,UnitedKingdom
TX,UnitedStates AnneWoolridge IndependentSafetyServicesLim-
RichardC.Thompson MarineBiologyandEcology ited,GlobeWorks,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine JanZalasiewicz SchoolofGeography,Geologyand
Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, theEnvironment,UniversityofLeicester,Leicester,
UnitedKingdom UnitedKingdom
Authors Biography
This book is blessed with an unprecedented interests include systems and concurrent engi-
cadre of chapter authors. The senior authors of neering tools and modeling, optimization
each chapterare listed in alphabetical order: methods,androbotictechnologiesforservicing
Andreas Bartl is an Assistant Professor at applications (Chapter30).
Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Tom Cherrett is Professor of Freight and
Chemical Engineering. His research activities Logistics at the University of Southampton.
includegrindingandcharacterizationof(short) Hismainresearchareasincludedevelopingsus-
fibers, fiber recycling, and silicate filaments tainablestrategiesforthecollectionanddisposal
(Chapter16). of wastes, goods distribution, and journey time
Marcel Bosling graduated in Computer Sci- estimation (Chapter4).
ence at RWTH Aachen University in 2013. In Marian Chertow leads the industrial envi-
2007, he worked as a student researcher, from ronmental management program as well as
2013 as a research assistant at the Department the program on solid waste policy at the Yale
of Processing and Recycling (I.A.R.). In 2018, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
Bosling successfully completed his dissertation Shehasworkedinwastemanagementandrecy-
on the topic “Measurement of Particle-Based cling in the public, private, and not-for-profit
Characteristics of Secondary Raw Materials by sectors and was an early adopter of “industrial
Optical Sensor Systems” at the I.A.R. Since ecology,” which offers a systems approach to
mid-2018, he has been working for Steinert questions concerning materials, energy, and
Elektromagnetbau (Chapter10). waste (Chapter18).
John Butler is an independent consultant StephenC.CosperisanEnvironmentalEngi-
helping small businesses and NGOs to assess neer at the U.S. Construction Engineering
the environmental impacts of their operations Research Laboratory in Champaign, IL. He has
andplanformoreenvironmentallybenignout- a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University
comes. His research is primarily in the field of ofIllinoisandanM.S.inEnvironmentalScience
waste management and using life cycle assess- fromIndianaUniversity.Hisresearchareasare
ment (LCA) to identify more environmentally in solid waste management, waste to energy,
benign options in the implementation of waste and net zero waste at military installations and
management policies (Chapter 15). contingency bases(Chapter29).
Tiago Matos de Carvalho is a PhD graduate Alexander Feil has worked in industry as
fromCranfieldUniversity(UK)witharesearch editor-in-chiefandasatechnicaldirector.Since
background in the development of complex 2012, he works as a Senior Engineer at the
space systems, with emphasis on On-Orbit Ser- DepartmentofProcessingandRecycling,RWTH
vicing applications. Since 2010, he has been AachenUniversity,Germany(Chapter10).
working in the aerospace industry and has SarahGabbottisaProfessorintheSchoolof
research experience as a product development Geography,GeologyandtheEnvironmentatthe
engineer and systems engineer. His research UniversityofLeicester.Sheundertakesresearch
xv
xvi
AUTHORSBIOGRAPHY
on the physical and chemical transformation of Institute and Directors at Medical Waste Man-
organic materials across the Earth System agement Association. Selin provided critical
throughinvestigationofenvironmentalsamples support to federal, state, and local authorities
andlab-basedexperimentaldesign(Chapter23). during the Ebola crisis. She currently sits on
Nicolas Go studied Waste Management two Ebola training Advisory Boards: LIUNA
Engineering at RWTH Aachen University. In Training andBIDTI.PriortoStericycle:Optima
2014, he successfully completed his master the- BatteriesandWestonConsulting,Inc.BS—Penn
sis “Recovery of recyclables for material recy- State in Environmental Resource Management
cling from by-products of a beverage carton (Chapter27).
recyclingprocess.”Since2014,hehasbeenwork- Paul D. Hooper holds a Chair in Environ-
ingasa research assistant attheDepartment of mental Management and Sustainability and is
Processing and Recycling with focus on light- HeadofEnterpriseDevelopmentintheFaculty
weightpackagingrecycling(Chapter10). of Science and Engineering at Manchester Met-
Andy Green is a Senior Research Fellow in ropolitan University. His research focuses on
theAgricultureandEnvironmentResearchUnit the business response to the sustainable devel-
(AERU) at the University of Hertfordshire. His opment agenda. With respect to waste issues
research interests include sustainable resource he has coordinated research into the small and
use and environmental best practice in agricul- medium enterprises (SME) response to waste
tural and horticultural businesses, and the sus- minimization, the use of life cycle analysis
tainable mitigation of agri-environmental (LCA)tooptimizerecyclingsystems,wastepol-
pollution. He is a Chartered Environmentalist icyimplementationatnational/EUlevelsandis
(CEnv), a Full Member of the Institute of Envi- currently involved in a project evaluating the
ronmental Management and Assessment role of educational initiatives in promoting
(IEMA),amemberoftheUKIrrigationAssocia- change in household recycling behavior
tion(UKIA),andaFellowoftheHigherEduca- (Chapter15).
tion Academy (HEA) (Chapter28). Kay Johnen studied Waste Management
Stephen Hobbs leads the Space Group at EngineeringatRWTHAachenUniversity;from
Cranfield University, UK. His research covers 2011, he worked as a student researcher at the
the sustainable use of space, and the Group Department of Processing and Recycling (I.A.
hasdesignedandsuppliedde-orbitmechanisms R.).In2016,hesuccessfullycompletedhismas-
for UK and European satellites to reduce risks terthesis“Influenceofferromagneticsubstances
due to space debris in Earth orbit. He has on the sorting with eddy-current-separation.”
25years’experienceofspaceengineering,often Since 2017, he works as a research assistant at
workingonenvironmentalapplicationsofspace the I.A.R. focusing on metal recycling of fine
technology. Working with ISO, he has contrib- fractions (Chapter10).
uted to the development of international space Dr Jo€rg Julius trained as an Electrical Engi-
engineering standards to tackle the challenge neer and is presently Senior Engineer at the
of space debris(Chapter30). Department of Processing and Recycling,
Selin Hoboy, Vice President of Legislative RWTH Aachen University, Germany. He has
and Regulatory Affairs for Stericycle, Inc., has worked in industry as sales director and also
been working with Stericycle operations since as technical director (Chapter10).
2000.Selinisresponsibleforworkinginallreg- Ruediger Kuehr is Director of United
ulatorymattersatalllevels(EPA,DOT,OSHA, Nations University’s Sustainable Cycles
DEA, FDA, CPSC, etc.). She serves on several Programme (SCYCLE). His work as political
trade associations: Chair Healthcare Waste and social scientist focuses on sustainable
xvii
AUTHORSBIOGRAPHY
production,consumption,anddisposalofubiq- the source of plastic into the marine environ-
uitous goods. Ruediger cofounded the Solving ment.Inadditiontoherresearch,Imogenispas-
the E-Waste Problem (StEP) Initiative and sionateabouttheuseofsciencecommunication
served as its Executive Secretary from 2007 to to influence positive behavioral change
2017 (Chapter 25). (Chapter22).
Trevor M. Letcher is Emeritus Professor of Mohamed Osmani is the Director of the
Chemistry at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, ArchitecturalEngineering andDesignManage-
Durban and a Fellow of the Royal Society of ment Programme at the School of Architecture,
Chemistry. He is a Director of the International Building and Civil Engineering at Loughbor-
Association of Chemical Thermodynamics and ough University, UK. He is known for his
hisresearchinvolvesthethermodynamicsofliq- research on sustainable building design and
uid mixtures and energy from landfill. He has construction; circular economy, material
more than 300 publications in peer review jour- resource efficiency, designing out waste, and
nals and edited and coedited twenty books in endoflifeassetandmaterialrecoveryandopti-
hisresearchinterests.HislatestbooksareStoring mization. He is currently leading several inter-
Energy (2017), Wind Energy Engineering (2017), national panels and expert groups, including
AComprehensiveGuidetoSolarEnergy(2018)and BS 8895 series, Construction and Demolition
ManagingGlobalWarming(2018)(Chapter17). TaskGroupoftheInternationalWasteWorking
Edith Martinez-Guerra is a Research Envi- Group (IWWG), and the EU COST Action
ronmental Engineer at the U.S. Army Research CA15115WorkingGrouponResourcePotential
and Development Center (ERDC). She is a civil ofConstructionandDemolitionWaste.Hepre-
and environmental engineer interested on any- sented work on construction waste-related
thing related to the environment, including research in over 30 countries across the world
waterandwastewatertreatment,waterquality, (Chapter19).
hazardous and nonhazardous waste manage- Ronald A. Palmer studied Glass Science at
ment, and sustainable energy (Chapter 29). the New York State College of Ceramics at
Fraser McLeod is a Research Fellow at the Alfred University and Materials Science at the
University of Southampton and a member of University of Florida. He worked in high-level
its Transportation Research Group within the waste vitrification process development at the
School of Civil Engineering and the Environ- Hanford Site in Washington state and for West
ment. He has over 30 years’ experience in vari- ValleyNuclearServices,WestValley,NewYork
ous areas of transport, including intelligent (Chapter11).
transportsystems,buspriority,freightlogistics, JooyoungParkjoinedthefacultyoftheGrad-
andwaste collection (Chapter 4). uate School of Energy and Environment (KU-
VictorF.MedinaisaResearchEnvironmen- KISTGreenSchool)atKoreaUniversityinSeoul,
talEngineerattheUSArmyEngineerResearch SouthKoreain2018.ShewaspreviouslyAssis-
andDevelopment Center in Vicksburg, MS. He tant Professor at the School of Management,
has over 15 years of experience in addressing UniversidaddelosAndesinBogota,Colombia.
environmental issues and concerns related to She hasaPhD from theYaleSchool ofForestry
the military and over 20 years of experience in and Environmental Studies and two degrees in
environmental research and management in Environmental Engineering from Seoul
general (Chapter29). NationalUniversity(Chapter 18).
Imogen E. Napper is a PhD student at the Thomas Pretz studied mining and special-
School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Uni- izedinprocessing,andin1997hewasappointed
versity of Plymouth. Her research focuses on Professor in the Department of Processing and
