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title : Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece
author : Hanson, Victor Davis.
publisher : University of California Press
isbn10 | asin : 0520215966
print isbn13 : 9780520215962
ebook isbn13 : 9780585154855
language : English
subject Agriculture--Defense measures--Greece--History, War
damage, Industrial--Greece--History, Attike (Greece)--
History, Greece--History--Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
publication date : 1998
lcc : UA929.95.A35H27 1998eb
ddc : 338.1/4
subject : Agriculture--Defense measures--Greece--History, War
damage, Industrial--Greece--History, Attike (Greece)--
History, Greece--History--Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
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Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece
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ALSO BY VICTOR DAVIS HANSON
The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (1989)
Hoplites: The Ancient Greek Battle Experience (editor, 1991)
The Other Greeks: The Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization (1995)
Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Idea (1996)
Who Killed Homer? The Decline of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (with John Heath, 1998)
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Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece
Victor Davis Hanson
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles London
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University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd. London, England
© 1998 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hanson, Victor Davis.
Warfare and agriculture in classical Greece / Victor
Hanson Davis.[Rev. ed.]
p. cm.(Biblioteca di studi antichi; 40)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-520-21025-5 (cloth : alk. paper).
ISBN 0-520-21596-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. AgricultureDefense measuresGreeceHistory.
2. War damage, IndustrialGreeceHistory. 3. Attike
(Greece)History. 4. GreeceHistoryPeloponnesian
War, 431-404 B.C. I. Title. II. Series.
UA929.95.A35H27 1999
338.1'4dc21 97-52207
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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To the Memory of
Rees Davis and Frank Hanson
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CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Introduction 1
Part One: The Attack on Agriculture 17
1. Military Organization 19
2. The Methods of Agricultural Destruction 42
Part Two: The Defense of Agriculture 77
3. Fortification 79
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4. Evacuation 103
5. Sorties 122
Part Three: The Effectiveness of Agricultural Devastation 129
6. The Devastation of Attica during the Peloponnesian War 131
Conclusion 174
Appendix: The Vocabulary of Agricultural Devastation 185
Select Bibliography 195
Updated Commentary and Bibliography 201
General Index 253
Index Locorum 269
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece was first published in 1983 in the monograph series Biblioteca di Studi
Antichi (edited by Graziano Arrighetti and Emilio Gabba, with Franco Montanari, and published by Giardini of Pisa,
Italy). The book was, for the most part, favorably reviewed, occasionally cited, and went quickly out of print. At the
time of its publication, I was a full-time viticulturist with no plans either to reenter academic life or to pursue serious
research about the ancient Greek world again. Except when the occasional letter of encouragement from a classical
scholar arrived, I too forgot about this thesis and went on with the business of trying to preserve our small family tree-
and vine-farm during the agricultural recessions of the 1980s. I recalled that a fellow graduate student at Stanford
University had remarked to me in January 1980, when I was finishing my dissertation, that few scholars had any interest
in ancient warfare, much less Greek farming. Worried over that dual warning, I learned from an informal look at library
card catalogues of published works in classics that no English-language book or monograph about the ancient Greek
world had appeared with the word "agriculture" in its title or subtitle in the sixty years since W. E. Heitland's engaging
study Agricola: A Study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World from the Point of View of Labor
(Cambridge,
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1921). So I was not surprised that by 1985 Warfare and Agriculture was found only in a few libraries and was little
known; indeed I had long ago given away all but one of my complimentary books to scholars kind enough to write me
on the farm expressing interest in finding a copy.
Little did I know that as I was farming in Selma, California, in the early and mid-1980s classical scholars were well in
the process of reinventing the entire field of ancient Greek warfare and agriculture. Ongoing field surveys of the Greek
countryside were exploring ancient population densities, settlement patterns, and the interplay between habitation and
climatic and soil conditions. The completion of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae made possible a comprehensive rather
than haphazard study of the ancient Greek vocabulary of farming and fighting. Further excavations of farmhouses in
southern Attica, the Crimea, and Italy were coming to light. In England, gifted Cambridge students of Anthony
Snodgrass and M. I. Finley were applying various interdisciplinary approaches to ancient agrarianism, often employing
theoretical models from the social sciences to reconstruct past agrarian economies and ideologies.
By the late 1980s and early 1990s first-generation summaries of these specialized philological, archaeological, and
historical studies were beginning to appear, including M.-C. Amouretti's Le pain et l'huile dans la Grèce (Besançon,
1986), Robin Osborne's Classical Landscapes with Figures (London, 1987), T. W. Gallant's Risk and Survival:
Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy (Stanford, 1991), Robert Sallares's The Ecology of the Ancient Greek
World (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991), B. Wells's (ed.) Agriculture in Ancient Greece (Stockholm, 1992), A. Burford's Land and
Labor in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, 1993), and S. Isager and J. E. Skydsgaard's Ancient Greek Agriculture: An
Introduction (London, 1993). I have had the privilege to review in print all but one of the above books; they are
uniformly excellent, and many of their ideas have saved me from more errors and misconceptions than I can recount.
At the same time, largely due to the selfless, two-decade effort of W. K. Pritchett (The Greek State at War, 5 vols.
[Berkeley, 19711991),
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Description:The ancient Greeks were for the most part a rural, not an urban, society. And for much of the Classical period, war was more common than peace. Almost all accounts of ancient history assume that farming and fighting were critical events in the lives of the citizenry. Yet never before have we had a c
