War without end : the rise of Islamist terrorism and global response

493 Pages·2003·5.16 MB·English

by  Hiro

War without End

In order to properly comprehend the events of September 11 it is necessary to
trace them from the roots. In the case of 9/11, this requires an elementary
knowledge of Islam followed by an understanding of Islamic fundamentalism as
an ideology both of resistance (as in Egypt) and of governance (as in Saudi
Arabia). However, in Afghanistan, fundamentalism emerged as the prime force
of opposition and resistance in the 1980s, and eventually defeated the Moscow-
backed regime to become the state ideology.
It is against this setting that Dilip Hiro narrates the devastating attacks on the
two American embassies in East Africa in 1998 – a prelude to the attacks on the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
The result is a timely and topical book that enlightens the reader on such
basics as the cardinal principles of Islam, as well as lays bare several Islamist
ideologies and groups simply yet fully, and provides a multi-faceted narrative of
America’s short, sharp campaign against the Taliban in Afghanistan in which hi-
tech weaponry played a crucial role.
Dilip Hiro is a specialist on the Middle East, Islam, Central Asia and South
Asia, and the author of more than twenty books, including Neighbors, not
Friends: Iraq and Iran after the Gulf Wars (Routledge, 2001). A frequent
commentator on the above subjects on CNN, BBC Television, Sky Television,
and various American and British radio channels, he has published articles in
most of the major newspapers in the US and the UK.
By the same author
Non-fiction
Neighbors, Not Friends: Iraq and Iran after the Gulf Wars (2001) Sharing the
Promised Land: A Tale of Israelis and Palestinians (1999) Dictionary of the
Middle East (1996) The Middle East (1996)
Between Marx and Muhammad: The Changing Face of Central Asia (1995)
Lebanon, Fire and Embers: A History of the Lebanese Civil War (1993)
Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War (1992) Black British,
White British: A History of Race Relations in Britain (1991) The Longest
War: The Iran–Iraq Military Conflict (1991) Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic
Fundamentalism (1989) Iran: The Revolution Within (1988) Iran under the
Ayatollahs (1985) Inside the Middle East (1982)
Inside India Today (1977)
The Untouchables of India (1975) Black British, White British (1973) The Indian
Family in Britain (1969)
Fiction
Three Plays (1985)
Interior, Exchange, Exterior (Poems, 1980) Apply, Apply, No Reply and A Clean
Break (Two Plays, 1978) To Anchor a Cloud (Play, 1972) A Triangular View
(Novel, 1969)
War without End
The rise of Islamist terrorism and global
response

Dilip Hiro
Revised edition 2002 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2002 Dilip Hiro
The right of Dilip Hiro to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
Typeset in Times by BC Typesetting, Bristol
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form of by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0–415–28801–0 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–28802–9 (pbk)
Contents

Illustrations
Maps
Prologue
Preface
PART I
Islam
1 The rise of Islam: Sunnis and Shias
2 Orthodox Islam and Sufism
3 Islam in modern times
PART II
Islamic ideologies and fundamentalist states
4 The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its offshoots
5 Saudi Arabia: the oldest fundamentalist state
6 Afghanistan: fundamentalism victorious, with American backing
PART III
Islamist terrorism and global response
7 Bombing of US embassies: a wake-up call
8 Eighty minutes that shook the world and global response
9 Ongoing war against terror: an uncharted territory
10 Summary and conclusions
Epilogue
Notes
Abbreviations
Glossary of foreign terms
Appendix I: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368
Appendix II: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373
Select bibliography
Index
Illustrations

The illustrations appear between pages 254 and 255
Sayyid Qutb (1906–66), Islamic thinker and writer, Egypt.
Courtesy Al Aalam Publications
Maulana Abul Ala Maududi (1903–79), Islamic thinker and writer, Pakistan.
The Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Luxor, Egypt, on the eve of the massacre of
foreign tourists on 17 November 1997.
AP Photo/Frank Boxler
Part of the Khobar Tower, an eight-story apartment block, at Khobar, Saudi
Arabia, after a bomb explosion on 25 June 1996.
AP Photo/Greg Marinovich
An Afghan Mujahedin guerrilla firing a US-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile,
supplied by the CIA, during the Afghan jihad against the Moscow-backed
regime in Kabul, 1987.
AP Photo/David Stewart-Smith
The corpses of Muhammad Najibullah (left) and his brother Shahpur Ahmadzai
(right) hanging in Ariana Square, Kabul, on 27 September 1996.
AP Photo/B. K. Bangash
The aftermath of the suicide truck bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi on 7
August 1998.
Reuters/George Mulala
Osama bin Laden, leader of Al Qaida, and Ayman Zawahiri, leader of Al Jihad.
Al Shifa Pharmaceutical factory, Khartoum, destroyed by US missiles on 20–21
August 1998.
Reuters/Aladin Adbel Naby
The World Trade Center Towers, Manhattan, hit by two hijacked planes on
September 11.
AP Photo/Chao Soi Cheong
New Yorkers fleeing from the burning WTC Towers.
AP Photo/Amy Sancetta
The damaged Pentagon on September 11, with the dome of the Capitol in the
background.
AP Photo/Stephen J. Boitano
Mugshots of the 19 hijackers on September 11: Khalid al Midhar; Majid Moqed;
Nawaq al Hamzi; Salem al Hamzi; Hani Hanjour; Ahmad al Haznawi; Ahmad al
Nami; Ziad Samir Jarrah; Saeed al Ghamdi; Marwan Yusuf al Shehhi; Fayez
Rahsid al Qadi Bani Hammad; Mohald al Shahri; Hamza al Ghamdi; Ahmad al
Ghamdi; Satam al Suqami; Muhammad al Amir Awad al Sayyid Atta; Abdul
Aziz al Omari; Waleed al Shahri; Wail al Shahri.
The War Cabinet of President George W. Bush, third on the left: (anti-
clockwise, from left) Attorney-General John Ashcroft; Vice President Dick
Cheney; Secretary of State Colin Powell; Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld; Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz; FBI Director Robert
Mueller; Secretary of the Treasury Paul O’Neill; CIA Director George J. Tenet;
White House Chief of Staff Andy Card; National Security Advisor Condoleezza
Rice and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff General Henry H. Shelton.
AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite
Mullah Muhammad Omar, Supreme Leader of the Taliban, Afghanistan.
AP Photo/HO
The Pentagon’s poster and leaflet showing Mullah Omar as a wanted fugitive,
October 2001.
AP Photo
Chokar Karez hamlet, Afghanistan, hit by the American bombing on 22–23
October 2001.
Reuters/Mian Khursheed
Two dead Kashmiri terrorists on the steps of the Indian Parliament, New Delhi,
13 December 2001.
Reuters/Reuters TV