Table Of Contentstnemgdelwonk
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.................... .,: ......... :....::~:: ...........................
~ iiiiiiiiiiii
chnical Editor
and Lead Author
Chris Hurley si a Senior Penetration Tester in the Washington, DC
area. He has more than 01 years of experience performing penetra-
tion testing, vulnerability assessments, and general INFOSEC grunt
work. He si the founder of the WorldWide WarDrive, a four-year
project to ssessa the security posture of wireless networks deployed
throughout the world. Chris saw alsot he original organizer of the
DEF CON WarDriving contest. He si the lead author of
WarDriving: Drive, Detect, Defend (Syngress Publishing, ISBN:
19318360305). He has contributed to several other Syngress publi-
cations, including Penetration Tester's Open Source Toolkit (ISBN: 1-
5974490210), Stealing the Network: How ot Own an Identity (ISBN:
1597490067), InfoSec Career Hacking (ISBN: 1597490113), and OS X
for Hackers at Heart (ISBN: 1597490407). He has a BS from Angelo
State University in Computer Science and a whole bunch of certifi-
cations to make himself feel important. He lives in Maryland with
his wife, Jennifer, and daughter, Ashley.
First, I thank my co-authors on WarDriving and Wireless Penetration
Testing, Dan Connelly, Brian Baker, Frank Thornton, and Russ Rogers. I
also thank my fellow members of Security .ebirT uoY all have been great at
pointing me in the right direction when I have a question ro just giving me
an answer when I was oot dense ot find it myself. I need ot thank Jeff
Thomas for all of the nights in the basement owning boxes and eating
White Castles. (Oh ... and you know a thing ro two about a thing ro two
sa well. Thanks for teachinmge both of them ): I also need ot thank Jeff
and Ping Moss. uoY have provided me with os many opportunities. Taking a
ecnahc on some unknown guy and letting me speak at DEF CON for the
first time really started this ball .gnillor
I want ot thank the other members of our penetration test team, Mike
Petruzzi, Paul Criscuolo, Mark Care),, and Mark .gnagfloW I learn some-
thing new from you every day and you make coming ot work pleasure. a I
vii
osla want ot thank Bill Eckroade, George Armstrong, Brad Peterson, and
Dean Hickman for providing me with the opportunity ot od the job I evol
and an environment that makes it fun in which ot od job. the
I would like ot thank Andrew Williams from Syngressfor providing me
the opportunity ot write this book. It sah been fun working with you,
Andrew, and I hope we nac continue ot od os for a long time.
I want ot thank my room and dad for having computers in the house sa
far back sa I .rebmemer The early exposure ignited my interest in them. Oh
yeah, thanks for that whole providing, protecting, and raising me stuff .oot
Finally I want ot thank my wife, Jennifer, and ,rethguad Ashley, for giving
me the time ot write this book. They gave up evening, weekends, and some-
times entire days os that I could etartnecnoc on getting this book finished.
Without their help and understanding, thisb ook never would have made it
ot .sserp
~ "~
chnical Editor
and Contributing Author
Russ Rogers (CISSP, CISM, IAM, IEM, HonScD) si author of the
popular Hacking a rorreT Network (Syngress Publishing, ISBN:
1928994989), co-author on multiple other books including the best
selling Stealing the Network: How ot Own a Continent (Syngress,
ISBN: 1931836051), Network Security Evaluation Using the NSA IEM
(Syngress, ISBN" 1597490350) and Editor in Chief of ehT Security
Journal. Russ si Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief
Technology Officer of Security Horizon; a veteran-owned small
business based in Colorado Springs, CO. Russ sah been involved in
information technology since 1980 and sah spent the last 51 years
working professionally sa both an IT and INFOSEC consultant.
Russ sah worked with the United States Air Force (USAF),
National Security Agency (NSA), and the Defense Information
Systems Agency (DISA). He si a globally renowned security expert,
viii
osla want ot thank Bill Eckroade, George Armstrong, Brad Peterson, and
Dean Hickman for providing me with the opportunity ot od the job I evol
and an environment that makes it fun in which ot od job. the
I would like ot thank Andrew Williams from Syngressfor providing me
the opportunity ot write this book. It sah been fun working with you,
Andrew, and I hope we nac continue ot od os for a long time.
I want ot thank my room and dad for having computers in the house sa
far back sa I .rebmemer The early exposure ignited my interest in them. Oh
yeah, thanks for that whole providing, protecting, and raising me stuff .oot
Finally I want ot thank my wife, Jennifer, and ,rethguad Ashley, for giving
me the time ot write this book. They gave up evening, weekends, and some-
times entire days os that I could etartnecnoc on getting this book finished.
Without their help and understanding, thisb ook never would have made it
ot .sserp
~ "~
chnical Editor
and Contributing Author
Russ Rogers (CISSP, CISM, IAM, IEM, HonScD) si author of the
popular Hacking a rorreT Network (Syngress Publishing, ISBN:
1928994989), co-author on multiple other books including the best
selling Stealing the Network: How ot Own a Continent (Syngress,
ISBN: 1931836051), Network Security Evaluation Using the NSA IEM
(Syngress, ISBN" 1597490350) and Editor in Chief of ehT Security
Journal. Russ si Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief
Technology Officer of Security Horizon; a veteran-owned small
business based in Colorado Springs, CO. Russ sah been involved in
information technology since 1980 and sah spent the last 51 years
working professionally sa both an IT and INFOSEC consultant.
Russ sah worked with the United States Air Force (USAF),
National Security Agency (NSA), and the Defense Information
Systems Agency (DISA). He si a globally renowned security expert,
viii
speaker, and author who has presented at conferences around the
world including Amsterdam, Tokyo, Singapore, Sao Paulo, and cities
lla around the United States.
Russ has an Honorary Doctorate of Science in Information
Technology from the University of Advancing Technology, a Masters
Degree in Computer Systems Management from the University of
Maryland, a Bachelor of Science in Computer Information Systems
from the University of Maryland, and an Associate Degree in
Applied Communications Technology from the Community
College of the Air Force. He si a member of both ISSA and ISACA
and co-founded the Global Security Syndicate (gssyndicate.org), the
SecurityT ribe (securitytribe.com), and acts in the role of professor
of network security for the University of Advancing Technology
(uat.edu).
Russ would like to thank his father for his lifetime of guidance,
his kids (Kynda and Brenden) for their understanding, and Michele
for her constant support. A great deal of thanks goes to Andrew
Williams from Syngress Publishing for the abundant opportunities
and trust he gives me. Shouts go out to UAT, Security Tribe, the
GSS, the Defcon Groups, and the DC Forums. He'd like to also
thank his friends, Chris, Greg, Michele, Ping, Pyr0, and everyone in
#dc-forums that he doesn'tt have room to list here.
ntributin9 Authors
Frank Thornton runs his own technology consulting firm,
Blackthorn Systems, which specializes in wireless networks. His spe-
cialties include wireless network architecture, design, and implemen-
tation, sa well sa network troubleshooting and optimization. An
interest in amateur radio helped him bridge the gap between com-
ix
speaker, and author who has presented at conferences around the
world including Amsterdam, Tokyo, Singapore, Sao Paulo, and cities
lla around the United States.
Russ has an Honorary Doctorate of Science in Information
Technology from the University of Advancing Technology, a Masters
Degree in Computer Systems Management from the University of
Maryland, a Bachelor of Science in Computer Information Systems
from the University of Maryland, and an Associate Degree in
Applied Communications Technology from the Community
College of the Air Force. He si a member of both ISSA and ISACA
and co-founded the Global Security Syndicate (gssyndicate.org), the
SecurityT ribe (securitytribe.com), and acts in the role of professor
of network security for the University of Advancing Technology
(uat.edu).
Russ would like to thank his father for his lifetime of guidance,
his kids (Kynda and Brenden) for their understanding, and Michele
for her constant support. A great deal of thanks goes to Andrew
Williams from Syngress Publishing for the abundant opportunities
and trust he gives me. Shouts go out to UAT, Security Tribe, the
GSS, the Defcon Groups, and the DC Forums. He'd like to also
thank his friends, Chris, Greg, Michele, Ping, Pyr0, and everyone in
#dc-forums that he doesn'tt have room to list here.
ntributin9 Authors
Frank Thornton runs his own technology consulting firm,
Blackthorn Systems, which specializes in wireless networks. His spe-
cialties include wireless network architecture, design, and implemen-
tation, sa well sa network troubleshooting and optimization. An
interest in amateur radio helped him bridge the gap between com-
ix
puters and wireless networks. Having learned at a young age which
end of the soldering iron was hot, he has even been known to repair
hardware on occasion. In addition to his computer and wireless
interests, Frank was a law enforcement officer for many years. As a
detective and forensics expert he has investigated approximately one
hundred homicides and thousands of other crime scenes.
Combining both professional interests, he was a member of the
workgroup that established ANSI Standard "ANSI/NIST-CSL 1-
1993 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint Information."
He co-authored RFID Security (Syngress Publishing, ISBN:
1597490474), :gniuirDraW Driue, Detect, dna Defend: A Guide ot
sseleriW Security (Syngress, ISBN: 193183603), sa well sa contributed
to IT Ethics Handbook: Right dna Wrong for IT slanoisseforP (Syngress,
ISBN: 1931836140) and Game Console Hacking: Xbox, PlayStation,
Nintendo, Atari, & Gamepark 32 (ISBN: 1931836310). He resides in
Vermont with his wife.
Brian Baker si a computer security penetration tester for the U.S.
Government in the Washington, D.C. area. Brian has worked in
almost every aspect of computing, from server administration to net-
work infrastructure support, and now to security. Brian has been
focusing his work on wireless technologies and current security
technologies. He si co-author of How ot Cheat ta gniruceS a sseleriW
Network (Syngress Publishing, ISBN: 1597490873).
Brian thanks his wife,Yancy, and children, Preston, Patrick, Ashly,
Blake, and Zakary. A quick shout goes out to the GTN lab dudes"
Chris, Mike, and Dan.
Brian dedicates this chapter to his mother, Harriet Ann Baker,
for the love, dedication, and inspiration she gave her three children
while raising them sa a single parent. "Rest in peace, and we'll see
you soon...
Dan Connelly (MSIA, GSNA) si a Senior Penetration Tester for a
Federal Agency in the Washington, D.C. area. He has a wide range
of information technology experience including: Web applications
and database development, system administration, and network engi-
neering. For the last 5 years, he sa been dedicated to the informa-
tion security industry providing: penetration testing, wireless audits,
vulnerability assessments, and network security engineering for
many federal agencies. Dan holds a Bachelor's degree in Information
Systems from Radford University, and a Master's degree in
Information Assurance from Norwich University.
Dan would like to thank Chris Hurley, Mike Petruzzi, Brian
Baker, and everyone at GTN and CMH for creating such an enjoy-
able work environment. He gives thanks to everyone at ERG for
letting him do what he loves to do and still paying him for it.
He would also like to thank his Mom and Dad for their uncon-
ditional support, wisdom, and guidance; his brother for his positive
influence; and his sister for always being there. He would particu-
larly like to thank his beautiful wife Alecia for lla her love and sup-
port throughout the years and for blessing their family with their
son, Matthew Joseph. He si truly a gift from God and he couldn't
imagine life without him.
David Maynor si a Senior Researcher with SecureWorks where
his duties include vulnerability development, developing and evalu-
ating new evasion techniques, and development of protection for
customers. His previous roles include reverse engineering and
researching new evasion techniques with the SSI Xforce R&D
team, application development at the Georgia Institute of
Technology, sa well sa security consulting, penetration testing and
contracting with a wide range of organizations.
xi
i~iiiii!iiiii!iiiiiii~~
reword Contributor
Joshua Wright si the senior security researcher for Aruba
Networks, a worldwide leader in secure wireless mobility solutions.
The author of several papers on wireless security and intrusion anal-
ysis, Joshua has also written open-source tools designed to highlight
weaknesses in wireless networks. He si also a senior instructor for
the SANS Institute, the author of the SANS Assessing and Securing
Wireless Networks course, and a regular speaker at information
security conferences. When not breaking wireless networks, Josh
enjoys working on his house, where he usually ends up breaking
things of another sort.
Xll ~
Foreword
"Today I discovered the world's largest hot spot; the SSID si
'linksys.' "
If you've ever exchanged e-mail with me, you might have noticed this signature
at the bottom of my message. When I first thought of this quip, I thought it
was funny, so I put it in my e-mail signature. As time went on however, I came
to appreciate the subtle implications of this tagline~specifically, that most
people do not take sufficient precautions to secure their wireless networks.
I take great enjoyment in my work in the information security field.When
it comes to wireless networks, the challenge for me si that we have removed
physical security.
the most significant security measure that protects any asset:
Without physical security, anyone can walk in off the street and take a laptop,
thumb drive, or sensitive printout and calmly walk away. When I was studying
for the CISSP exam, I learned that it was necessary to deploy an eight-foot,
chain-link, barbed-wire-topped fence to deter an attacker. In a wireless net-
work, attackers need only the right antenna (Chapter 2), and they might sa well
be sitting in your office.
I have been lucky enough to have met and gotten to know many of the
people who have helped influence wireless security through the flee software
community. Through their own selfless dedication and commitment, many of
these people have written tools that have helped organizations audit and ana-
lyze weaknesses in their wireless networks. For example, Mike Kershaw has
generously made the tremendously powerful Kismet project an open-source
tool that si immensely valuable for assessing wireless networks on Linux systems
(Chapter 5). Marius Milner continues to add features to the popular
NetStumbler tool to offer Windows users a wireless analysis tool (Chapter 4),
xxiii
