Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain

1506 Pages·2013·25.532 MB·English

by  Stephen McMahon, Martin Koltzenburg, Irene Tracey, Dennis C. Turk

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W A L L A N D M E L Z A C K ’ S
TEXTBOOK
OF PAIN
W A L L A N D M E L Z A C K ’ S
TEXTBOOK
OF PAIN
SIXTH EDITION
EDITED BY
Stephen B. McMahon, FMedSci, FSB Irene Tracey, MA (Oxon.), PhD, FRCA
Sherrington Professor of Physiology Nuffield Professor of Anaesthetic Science
Director, London Pain Consortium Director, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance
Academic Lead, Europain Imaging of the Brain
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Head, Nuffield Division Anaesthetics
King’s College London Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences
London, UK University of Oxford
Oxford, UK
Martin Koltzenburg, MD, FRCP
Dennis C. Turk, PhD
Professor of Clinical Neurophysiology
UCL Institute of Neurology John and Emma Bonica Professor of Anesthesiology and
Co-Director, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Pain Research
University College London Director, Center for Pain Research on Impact, Measurement,
Head of Department and Effectiveness (C-PRIME)
Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery University of Washington
UCLH NHS Foundation Trust Seattle, Washington, USA
Queen Square, London, UK
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
WALL AND MELZACK’S TEXTBOOK OF PAIN ISBN: 978-0-7020-4059-7
Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd.
Copyright © 1984, Longman Group Limited
Copyright © 1989, 1994 Longman Group UK Limited
Copyright © 1999, Harcourt Publishers Limited
Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Limited.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission,
further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations
such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our web-
site: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treat-
ment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluat-
ing and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of
administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wall and Melzack’s textbook of pain / edited by Stephen B. McMahon ... [et al.]. -- 6th ed.
p. ; cm.
Textbook of pain
McMahon’s name appears first on the 5th edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7020-4059-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. McMahon, S. B. (Stephen B.) II. Title: Textbook of pain.
[DNLM: 1. Pain. 2. Pain Management--methods. WL 704]
616’.0472--dc23 2012029999
Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Manager, Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell
Design Direction: Steven Stave
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Patrick Wall
teacher, colleague, and friend
(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)
Contributors
Zahid Ali, PhD Inna Belfer, MD, PhD
Senior Director Associate Professor
Clinical Research Departments of Anesthesiology and Human Genetics
Pfizer Neusentis Director
Cambridge, UK Molecular Epidemiology of Pain Program
University of Pittsburgh/UPMC
David A. Andersson, PhD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Lecturer in Physiology
Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Carlos Belmonte, MD, PhD
King’s College London Professor
London, UK Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante
Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC
A. Vania Apkarian, PhD Alicante, Spain
Professor
Department of Physiology David L.H. Bennett, MB, PhD
Northwestern University Reader in Pain Neurosciences
Feinberg School of Medicine The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience
Chicago, Illinois, USA The University of Oxford
Oxford, UK
Mark L. Baccei, PhD
Associate Professor Charles B. Berde, MD, PhD
Department of Anesthesiology Chief
University of Cincinnati Division of Pain Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital
Miroslav (Misha) Bačkonja, MD Professor of Anesthesia and Pediatrics
Medical Director of Neuroscience Harvard Medical School
CRILifeTree Clinical Research Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Salt Lake City, Utah
Emeritus Professor Odd-Geir Berge, DDS, PhD
Department of Neurology Adjunct Professor
University of Wisconsin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala
Madison, Wisconsin, USA Uppsala Berzelii Center
Uppsala, Sweden
Ralf Baron, MD
Professor Stuart Bevan, PhD
Chair of the Division of Neurological Pain Research Professor of Pharmacology
and Therapy Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases
Department of Neurology King’s College London
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein London, UK
Kiel, Germany
Klaus Bielefeldt, MD, PhD
Simon Beggs, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine
Research Associate Division of Gastroenterology
Assistant Professor University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
Faculty of Dentistry Andreas Binder, MD
University of Toronto Consultant
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy
Department of Neurology
University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein
Kiel, Germany
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Harald Breivik, MD, DMedSci A.D. (Bud) Craig, PhD
Professor Atkinson Research Scientist
University of Oslo Barrow Neurological Institute
Consultant Phoenix, Arizona
Department of Pain Management and Research Research Professor
Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet Cell Biology and Anatomy
Oslo, Norway University of Arizona College of Medicine
Tucson, Arizona
Kay Brune, MD, PhD Research Professor
Doerenkamp Professor Department of Psychology
Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Arizona State University
and Toxicology Tempe, Arizona, USA
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Erlangen, Germany John B. Davis, PhD
Biology Head
M. Catherine Bushnell, PhD Convergence Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Harold Griffith Professor Cambridge, UK
Department of Anesthesia
McGill University John M. Dawes, PhD
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases
King’s College London
Asokumar Buvanendran, MD London, UK
Director of Orthopedic Anesthesia
Professor of Anesthesiology Marshall Devor, PhD
Rush University Medical Center Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
Chicago, Illinois, USA Institute of Life Sciences and the Center for Research on Pain
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
James N. Campbell, MD Jerusalem, Israel
Professor Emeritus
Department of Neurosurgery Anthony Dickenson, BSc, PhD
The Johns Hopkins University Professor of Neuropharmacology
CEO Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology
Arcion Therapeutics University College London
Baltimore, Maryland, USA London, UK
H. Isaac Chen, MD Andrew Dickman, DPharm, MSc
Resident Consultant Pharmacist
Department of Neurosurgery Department of Palliative Care
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Blackpool, UK
Consultant Pharmacist
Nathan I. Cherny, MBBS, FRACP, FRCP Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool (MCPCIL)
Norman Levan Chair of Humanistic Medicine University of Liverpool
Cancer Pain and Palliative Medicine Service Liverpool, UK
Shaare Zedek Medical Center
Jerusalem, Israel Andrew Dilley, PhD
Lecturer in Anatomy
John J. Collins, MBBS, PhD, FAChPM, FFPMANZCA, Division of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
FRACP Brighton and Sussex Medical School
Head of Department University of Sussex
Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Falmer, Brighton, UK
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead
Clinical Associate Professor Ray J. Dolan, MD
Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health Mary Kinross Professor of Neuropsychiatry
University of Sydney Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia University College London
London, UK
Michael J. Dorsi, MD
Neurosurgeon
Ventura County Neurosurgical Associates
Community Memorial Hospital
Ventura, California, USA
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, BSc, MSc, PhD Herta Flor, PhD
Professor Emeritus Scientific Director
Department of Physiology Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience
Faculty of Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health and University of
Department of Oral Physiology Heidelberg, Mannheim
Faculty of Dentistry Mannheim, Germany
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Karen Forbes, MBChB, EdD
Professorial Teaching Fellow
John E. Ellershaw, MBBCh, MA, FRCP University of Bristol
Professor of Palliative Medicine Honorary Consultant in Palliative Medicine
Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool (MCPCIL) Department of Palliative Medicine
University of Liverpool University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
Liverpool, UK Bristol, UK
Edzard Ernst, MD, PhD, FMedSci, FSB, FRCP, FRCPEd Lucia Gagliese, PhD
Professor Associate Professor
Department of Complementary Medicine School of Kinesiology and Health Science
Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter York University
Exeter, Devon, UK Senior Scientist
Ontario Cancer Institute
David Felson, MD, MPH University Health Network
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Scientist
Department of Medicine Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management
Boston University School of Medicine University Health Network
Boston, Massachusetts, USA Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Howard L. Fields, MD, PhD Gerald F. Gebhart, PhD
Professor Director, Center for Pain Research
Department of Neurology Department of Anesthesiology
University of California, San Francisco University of Pittsburgh
San Francisco, California, USA Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Nanna Brix Finnerup, MD, DrMedSc Jennifer L. Gibbs, MAS, DDS, PhD
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Danish Pain Research Center Department of Endodontics
Aarhus University New York University
Aarhus, Denmark New York, New York, USA
David A. Fishbain, BSC (Hon), MSC, MD, Ian Gilron, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Distinguished FAPA Director of Clinical Pain Research
Professor Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine
Department of Psychiatry Queen’s University
Miller School of Medicine Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative
University of Miami Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences
Adjunct Professor Queen’s University
Departments of Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Miller School of Medicine
Professor Peter J. Goadsby, MD, PhD, DSc
Research Professor
Rosomoff Pain Center Headache Group–Department of Neurology
Miami, Florida, USA University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California, USA
Maria Fitzgerald, BA, PhD, FMedSci
Professor of Developmental Neurobiology Michael S. Gold, PhD
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology Professor
University College London Department of Anesthesiology
London, UK University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA