Table Of Content

Migration,DiasporasandCitizenship SeriesEditors:RobinCohen,FormerDirectoroftheInternationalMigrationInstituteand ProfessorofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofOxford,UK,andZigLayton-Henry,Profes- sorofPolitics,UniversityofWarwick,UK EditorialBoard:RainerBaubock,EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Italy;JamesF.Hollifield, SouthernMethodistUniversity,USA;JanRath,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheMigration,DiasporasandCitizenshipseriescoversthreeimportantaspectsofthemigration progress:firstly,thedeterminants,dynamicsandcharacteristicsofinternationalmigration; secondly,thecontinuingattachmentofmanycontemporarymigrantstotheirplacesofori- gin,signifiedbytheword‘diaspora’;andthirdlytheattempt,bycontrast,tobelongandgain acceptanceinplacesofsettlement,signifiedbytheword‘citizenship’.Theseriespublishes workthatshowsengagementwithandalivelyappreciationofthewidersocialandpolitical issuesthatareinfluencedbyinternationalmigration. Titlesinclude: BridgetAndersonandIsabelShutes(editors) MIGRATIONANDCARELABOUR Theory,PolicyandPolitics FloyaAnthiasandMojcaPajnik(editors) CONTESTINGINTEGRATION,ENGENDERINGMIGRATION TheoryandPractice FionaBarker NATIONALISM,IDENTITYANDTHEGOVERNANCEOFDIVERSITY OldPolitics,NewArrivals LorettaBass AFRICANIMMIGRANTFAMILIESINANOTHERFRANCE HaraldBauderandChristianMatheis MIGRATIONPOLICYANDPRACTICE InterventionsandSolutions MichaelaBensonandNickOsbaldiston UNDERSTANDINGLIFESTYLEMIGRATION TheoreticalApproachestoMigrationandtheQuestforaBetterWayofLife GlendaBonifacioandMariaKontos MIGRANTDOMESTICWORKERSANDFAMILYLIFE InternationalPerspectives MichaelCollyer EMIGRATIONNATIONS PoliciesandIdeologiesofEmigrantEngagement DanielConwayandPaulineLeonard MIGRATION,SPACEANDTRANSNATIONALIDENTITIES TheBritishinSouthAfrica RosieCox(editor) SISTERSORSERVANTS AuPairs’LivesinGlobalContext SaniyeDedeoglu MIGRANTS,WORKANDSOCIALINTEGRATION Women’sLabourintheTurkishEthnicEconomy AsuncionFresnoza-FlotandItaruNagasaka(editors) MOBILECHILDHOODSINFILIPINOTRANSNATIONALFAMILIES MigrantChildrenwithSimilarRootsinDifferentRoutes JaneGarnettandSondraL.Hausner RELIGIONINDIASPORA CulturesofCitizenship MajellaKilkey,DianePerronsandAniaPlomien GENDER,MIGRATIONANDDOMESTICWORK Masculinities,MaleLabourandFatheringintheUKandUSA AmandaKlekowskivonKoppenfels MIGRANTSOREXPATRIATES? AmericansinEurope EleonoreKofmanandParvatiRaghuram GENDEREDMIGRATIONSANDGLOBALSOCIALREPRODUCTION CatrinLundström WHITEMIGRATIONS Gender,WhitenessandPrivilegeinTransnationalMigration DominicPasura AFRICANTRANSNATIONALDIASPORAS FracturedCommunitiesandPluralIdentitiesofZimbabweansinBritain ShanthiRobertson TRANSNATIONALSTUDENT-MIGRANTSANDTHESTATE TheEducation–MigrationNexus HelenSchwenkenandSabineRuß-Sattar NEWBORDERANDCITIZENSHIPPOLITICS OliviaSheringham TRANSNATIONALRELIGIOUSSPACES FaithandtheBrazilianMigrationExperience EvanSmithandMarinellaMarmo RACE,GENDERANDTHEBODYINBRITISHIMMIGRATIONCONTROL SubjecttoExamination HollyThorpe TRANSNATIONALMOBILITIESINACTIONSPORTCULTURES LouiseWaite,GaryCraig,HannahLewisandKlaraSkrivankova(editors) VULNERABILITY,EXPLOITATIONANDMIGRANTS InsecureWorkinaGlobalisedEconomy VronWare MILITARYMIGRANTS FightingforYOURCountry Migration,DiasporasandCitizenship SeriesStandingOrderISBN978-0-230-30078-1(hardback)and 978-0-230-30079-8(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwith yournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants Insecure Work in a Globalised Economy Editedby Louise Waite AssociateProfessorofHumanGeography,UniversityofLeeds,UK Gary Craig ProfessorofSocialJustice,UniversityofDurham,UK Hannah Lewis ViceChancellor’sFellow,UniversityofSheffield,UK Klara Skrivankova EuropeProgrammeandAdvocacyCoordinator,Anti-SlaveryInternational,UK Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©LouiseWaite,GaryCraig, HannahLewisandKlaraSkrivankova2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-46040-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-58033-0 ISBN 978-1-137-46041-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137460417 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Vulnerability,exploitationandmigrants:insecureworkinaglobalised economy/LouiseWaite,GaryCraig,HannahLewis,KlaraSkrivankova. pages cm.—(Migration,diasporasandcitizenship) 1. Immigrants—Employment. 2. Illegalaliens—Employment. 3. Foreignworkers. 4. Labormarket—Moralandethicalaspects. 5. Emigrationandimmigration—Economicaspects. 6. Emigration andimmigration—Socialaspects. I. Waite,Louise,1975–editor. HD8488.A2V852015 (cid:2) 331.544—dc23 2015019743 Contents ListofFiguresandTables xii Acknowledgements xiii NotesonContributors xiv ListofAbbreviations xxi Introduction 1 LouiseWaite,GaryCraig,HannahLewisandKlaraSkrivankova Vulnerabilityandexploitationatwork:Precarious migrantlives 2 Theglobalisationofvulnerability 4 Migrantworkers,unfreedomandforcedlabour 5 Thevulnerabilityofasylumseekers 6 Hiddenfromview:Themostexploitedworkers 7 Interventions:Tacklinglabourexploitation 8 Part I TheGlobalisationofVulnerability 1 PrivateGovernanceandtheProblemofTraffickingand SlaveryinGlobalSupplyChains 15 NicolaPhillips Thelimitsofcorporateself-regulation 16 Thelimitsofconsumer-drivenchange 20 Thelimitedreachofpublicregulation 22 2 ThePoliticalEconomyofOutsourcing 28 JohnSmith Introduction 28 Theglobalisationofproduction...andoftheproducers 29 Export-orientedindustrialisation:Widelyspread ornarrowlyconcentrated? 30 Thesouthwardsshiftoftheindustrialworkingclass 32 v vi Contents ‘Globallabourarbitrage’:Keydriveroftheglobalisation ofproduction 33 TheGDPillusion 36 Growingwageinequality 37 Fallinglabourshareofnationalincome 38 Globalwagedifferentials 40 Conclusion 41 3 Labour,ExploitationandMigrationinWestern Europe:AnInternationalPolitical EconomyPerspective 44 LuciaPradellaandRossanaCillo Introduction 44 IWPresearch,migrationandmigrantworkers 45 Neoliberalglobalisation,migrationandimpoverishment 48 Labourmarketeffectsoftheeconomiccrisis 49 Tradeunionresponses 51 Conclusion 53 Part II MigrantWorkers,UnfreedomandForced Labour 4 SocialReproductionandMigrantDomesticLabourin CanadaandtheUK:TowardsaMulti-Dimensional ConceptofSubordination 59 KendraStrauss Introduction 59 Thepoliticaleconomyofmigrantdomesticlabour 60 (Re)producingprecarity:Thestate,migrationand regimesofsocialreproduction 63 Conclusion:Thesubordinationofthesocial 67 5 LabourExploitationofNon-EUMigrantsinSlovakia: Patterns,ImplicationsandStructuralViolence 72 MatejBlazek Introduction 72 MigrationinSlovakia:Migrantworkers,migrationpolicy andpolitics 73 MigrationtoSlovakia 73 Contents vii Non-EUmigrantsandwork 74 Migrationpolicyandpolitics 76 MigrantsinSlovakiaandlabourexploitation 77 Backgroundtolabourexploitation:Institutions,policies andlaw 77 Extentoflabourexploitation 79 Intersectionsofviolence,abuseandexploitation:Migrants andstructuralviolence 81 Conclusions 82 Acknowledgements 83 6 UnderstandingandEvaluatingUKEffortstoTackle ForcedLabour 86 AlexBalch Introduction 86 ForcedlabourintheUK:Whatweknow 86 UKpolicyandpracticetotackleforcedlabour 87 Policyframing 88 Implementation 91 TheModernSlaveryBill:Leading‘theglobalfight’? 92 Conclusions:Addictedtocheaplabour? 94 Part III TheVulnerabilityofAsylumSeekers 7 TheContributionofUKAsylumPolicy1999–2010to ConditionsfortheExploitationofMigrantLabour 101 TomVickers Introduction 101 Britishcapitalismandtheinternationalreservearmy oflabour 103 The‘NewMigration’fromEasternandCentralEurope 105 RefugeesinBritainandthemanagementofmigration 106 Conclusions 110 8 PrecarityatWork:AsylumRightsandParadoxesof LabourinSweden 115 MajaSager Introduction 115 Asylumrightsandparadoxesoflabour:Mira’sstory 116 viii Contents Precarityatwork 117 Workasastrategyagainstprecarity 119 Institutionalisedprecarity 120 Precaritybetweenneoliberalismandprotectionism 123 Conclusion 126 9 BangladeshiFruitVendorsintheStreetsofParis: VulnerableAsylumSeekersorSelf-ImposedVictimsof Exploitation? 129 DonghyukPark Introduction 129 BeinganasylumseekerinFrance:Constrainedaccessto legalrightstowork 130 Themethodologyoftheresearch 132 BangladeshiinFrance:Increasingasylummigration 132 Streetfruitvendingasconstrainedlivelihoodstrategies 134 Fruitvendingworkandorganisation 136 Contestedpresenceoffruitvendorsinpublicspace 138 Conclusion 139 10 RefusedAsylumSeekersastheHyper-Exploited 143 LouiseWaite,HannahLewis,StuartHodkinsonandPeter Dwyer Introduction 143 Destitutionandsurvival 145 Pushedintothelabourmarket 147 Theinteractionbetweenriskofdestitution,‘illegality’ andlabourmarketposition 148 Contestingexploitation 151 Conclusions 154 Part IV HiddenfromView:TheMostExploited Workers 11 SweatshopWorkersinBuenosAires:ThePolitical EconomyofHumanTraffickinginaPeripheral Country 161 JerónimoMonteroBressánandElianaFerradásAbalo Introduction 161 LocalsweatshopsinBuenosAires 163 Contents ix FromFordismtoneoliberalismingarmentmanufacturing 164 Widespreadprecarityasthepreludetoforcedlabour 166 Progressandretreat:Theanti-traffickingstruggleand theState 167 Openborders,isolatedworkers:Theatypicalcaseof Argentina’sprogressiveimmigrationlegislation 169 Conclusions 170 12 ExperiencesofForcedLabouramongUK-BasedChinese MigrantWorkers:ExploringVulnerabilityand ProtectioninTimesofEmpire 174 RebeccaLawthom,CarolynKagan,SueBaines,SandyLo, SylviaSham,LisaMok,MarkGreenwoodandScottGaule Introduction 174 Theresearch 175 Empire,MultitudeandCommonwealth 175 Familynetworks 178 Travelnetworks 181 Worknetworks 184 Conclusion 184 13 TheWorkingLivesofUndocumentedMigrants:Social Capital,IndividualAgencyandMobility 187 AliceBloch,LeenaKumarappanandSoniaMcKay Sectorsofworkandtermsandconditions 188 Jobsearchwithinthecontextofbeinganundocumented migrant 190 Usingnetworksoffriendshipandacquaintances 190 Familysupportinlocatingjobs 192 Jobsearchthroughjobagencies 193 Acasestudy:Theworkinglifeofanundocumented migrantinBritain 194 Conclusion 197 14 SlaveryintheTwenty-FirstCentury:AReviewof DomesticWorkintheUK 200 IsmailIdowuSalih Introduction 200 Context 202

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