Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES
General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and Inter
national Development Studies, and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy
Studies, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
Recent titles include:
Pradeep Agrawal, Subir V. Gokarn, Veena Mishra, Kirit S. Parikh and Kunal Sen
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN EAST ASIA AND INDIA: Perspectives
on Policy Reform
Solon L. Barraclough and Krishna B. Ghimire
FORESTS AND LIVELIHOODS: The Social Dynamics of Deforestation in
Developing Countries
Jerker Carlsson, Gunnar Kohlin and Anders Ekbom
THE POLffiCAL ECONOMY OF EVALUATION: International Aid Agencies
and the Effectiveness of Aid
Edward A. Comor (editor)
THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COMMUNICATION
Paul Cook and Frederick Nixson (editors)
THE MOVE TO THE MARKET? Trade and Industry Policy Reform in
Transitional Economies
0. P. Dwivedi
DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION: From Underdevelopment to
Sustainable Development
Noeleen Heyzer, James V. Riker and Antonio B. Quizon (editors)
GOVERNMENT- NGO RELATIONS IN ASIA: Prospects and Challenges for
People-Centred Development
George Kent
CHILDREN IN THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
David Kowalewski
GLOBAL ESTABLISHMENT: The Political Economy of North/Asian Networks
Laura Macdonald
SUPPORTING CIVIL SOCIETY: The Political Role of Non-Governmental
Organizations in Central America
Gary McMahon (editor)
LESSONS IN ECONOMIC POLICY FOR EASTERN EUROPE FROM
LATIN AMERICA
David B. Moore and Gerald J. Schmitz (editors)
DEBATING DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE: Institutional and Popular
Perspectives
Juan Antonio Morales and Gary McMahon (editors)
ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY: The Latin
American Experience
Paul J. Nelson
THE WORLD BANK AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
The Limits of Apolitical Development
Archibald R. M. Ritter and John M. Kirk (editors)
CUBA IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: Nonnalization and Integration
Ann Seidman and Robert B. Seidman
STATE AND LAW IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: Problem-Solving and
Institutional Change in the Third World
TorSkilnes
THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC REFORM IN ZIMBABWE: Continuity and
Change in Development
John Sorenson (editor)
DISASTER AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE HORN OF AFRICA
Howard Stein (editor)
ASIAN INDUSTRIALIZATION AND AFRICA: Studies in Policy Alternatives
to Structural Adjustment
Deborah Stienstra
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Larry A. Swatuk and Timothy M. Shaw (editors)
THE SOUTH AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Rethinking the
Political Economy of Foreign Policy in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin
America
Sandra Whitworth
FEMINISM AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
David Wurfel and Bruce Burton (editors)
SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: The Political Economy
of a Dynamic Region
Votes and Budgets
Comparative Studies in Accountable
Governance in the South
Edited by
John Healey
Research Fellow
Overseas Development Institute, London
and
William Tordoff
Professor Emeritus ofG overnment
University of Manchester
* © Overseas Development Institute 1995
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures x
Notes on the Contributors xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv
Economic and Social Indicators of Main Countries Examined xvii
Location of Main Countries Examined xviii
PART I INTRODUCTION AND APPROACH
1 Accountable Governance and Free, Competitive Politics 3
John Healey
Introduction: new perceptions and expectations 3
What is accountability? 4
Criteria: accountability of the political and administrative
system 5
Accountability: the balance of political responsiveness
and public responsibility 7
The role of external .financial institutions 8
Method 8
References 8
PART II COUNTRY CASE STUDIES
2 Botswana: a Study in Politkal Accountability 13
John Healey
I General 13
Economic system 13
Political culture, electoral system and elections 14
Political parties: a political accountability perspective 17
Interest groups: pluralism 21
Political executive 24
II Public expenditure management-the accountability
of the process 27
Public expenditure strategy 27
Annual budgeting 34
v
vi Contents
III The watchdog and financial mismanagement 42
The national assembly and committees 42
The evolution and role of the independent media 44
Financial mismanagement and corruption 46
IV Patterns of public expenditure: Intentions and Outcomes:
A review of political responsiveness 49
Public expenditure priorities and outcomes 49
Self-monitoring and review of government's performance 51
Outcomes compared with intentions 51
Responsiveness to the electorate 54
v
Summary - an accountability audit of Botswana 59
References 61
3 Jamaica: Mature Democracy but Questionable
Accountabllity 63
Jane Harrigan
I Economic, social and political structure: accountability
aspects 63
Economic peiformance 63
Society and the state 64
The political system and the executive 65
The legislature 68
Elections and political parties 69
Interest groups 72
The media 73
Public administration 75
n Public expenditure management 76
Trends in the accountability and control ofp ublic
expenditures 76
The formulation ofp ublic expenditure strategy 81
The state budgetary process: participatory and
accountability features 84
Checks and controls 89
The influence of external agencies 94
Public expenditure intentions and outcomes 97
m Concluding summary: an accountability audit 99
References 106
4 Sri Lanka: Democracy and Accountability in DecUne (1948-93) 109
David Hulme and Nimal Sanderatne
I Introduction 109
Civil society 109
Contents vii
The political system 111
The economy, economic regimes and budgetary trends 117
II Public expenditure strategy and budgetary processes:
formulation and consultation 119
Public expenditure strategy 119
State budgetary process 122
m Intentions and outcomes 126
Public expenditure strategy: promises and actions 126
Budgets: estimates and outtums 133
IV The watchdogs 135
The official watchdogs 135
Independent watchdogs: the media and others 138
v The influence of the external financial agencies 140
VI Summary: an accountability audit 145
References 150
5 Zambia: a Wind of Change in Expenditure Management? 153
Elizabeth Cromwell
I The political and civic culture 153
Introduction and background 153
Civil society 155
Parties: the second and third republics 158
Elections 159
Interest groups 163
Legislature 165
Political executive 168
Public administration 171
II Public expenditure management 174
Public expenditure strategy 174
Links between plans and budgets 177
Budget timetable and procedure 178
Consultation procedures and practices 179
Capacity and consistency of the budget system 180
Budget negotiation 183
Budgetary implementation and control 184
Checks and balances 186
Donors 192
m Intentions and Outcomes 196
Intentions and monitoring government performance 196
Social expenditures 198
The influence of elections 200
Overall assessment 200
viii Contents
IV Concluding summary: an accountability audit 202
Accountability of the budgetary process 202
Accountability of the political system 203
Links between political and administrative accountability
over time 203
Chimwela? 205
References 206
PART ID COUNTRY COMPARISONS AND CONCLUSIONS
6 The Single Party State in Mrica and Asia: Comparative
Accountability 211
WiUiam Tordoff
I Introduction 211
The extent ofa ccountability: the one-party state 211
II The African experience 212
Tanzania 212
Ghana 217
Zambia 221
The one-party state and the bureaucracy in Africa 226
III The Asian experience 226
Taiwan 227
Other Asian cases 231
IV Conclusions 234
References 235
7 Multi-party Electoral Politics: Comparative Experience
and Conclusions 237
John Healey
I Comparative political systems 237
Popular participation 237
Political parties and elections 237
Interest groups 238
Political executive 240
II Comparative accountability of public expenditure
management 241
Public expenditure strategy 241
The control ofp ublic expenditure 243
Patronage/populism and the budget 244
Food Subsidies: Sri Lanka and Zambia compared 245
Intentions and outcomes 246
Watchdogs: the role of the elected assembly 247
The media as watchdog 249
Contents ix
III Accountable bureaucracy and electoral politics 250
IV Accountable budgeting: the influence of the external
financial agencies 252
V Accountable processes: relationship to economic
performance and economic reform 254
Economic performance 254
Accountability and economic reform 254
VI Final reflections 255
References 256
Index 259
