Table Of ContentVortex Formation
in the Cardiovascular System
Arash Kheradvar (cid:129) Gianni Pedrizzetti
Vortex Formation
in the Cardiovascular System
Authors
Arash Kheradvar, M.D., Ph.D. Gianni Pedrizzetti, Ph.D.
University of California, Irvine Università degli Studi di Trieste
2410 Engineering Hall Dipto. Ingegneria Civile e
The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Architettura
Advanced Cardiovascular Technology P. Europa 1
Irvine 34127 Trieste
California 92697 Italy
USA
ISBN 978-1-4471-2287-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4471-2288-3
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2288-3
Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944219
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012
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To my wife Ladan and our
children Aryana and Ario for their
love and support
Arash Kheradvar
To my wife Ilaria and our children
Giulia, Guglielmo, Greta for
accompanying with smiles and
infi nite love.
Gianni Pedrizzetti
Preface
The topic of vortex formation has received much attention over the past few years.
Vortices occur in nature wherever propulsive fl ow exists; from erupting volcanoes
to the ones generated by squid and jellyfi sh to propel them. Vortices drive the atmo-
spheric circulation; smaller ones like hurricanes and tornado contain an enormous
amount of destructive energy. They are also present in the heart.
A wide variety of vortices develop in the cardiovascular system, particularly in
the cardiac chambers, and in large arteries. These vortices play fundamental roles in
the normal physiology and provide proper balance between blood motion and
stresses on the surrounding tissues. In contrast, formation of unnatural vortices may
alter the momentum transfer in the blood fl ow and increase energy dissipation.
In the present book, we have tried to recapitulate the current knowledge on the
vortex formation in the cardiovascular system, from physics to physiology. The fi rst
two chapters of the book cover the fundamental aspects of fl uid mechanics and in
particular vortex dynamics. Through these, the reader’s attention is driven toward
the lifespan of vortices – from formation to dissipation and interaction. The third
chapter describes vortex formation in heart. Through this chapters, formation of
vortices at different locations inside the heart, and their physiological and clinical
signifi cances are discussed. Chapter four discusses the effects of cardiac devices
and surgery on vortex formation. In a nutshell, the fl uid dynamics of the artifi cial
heart valves and ventricular assist devices are described, and the effect of each
device on cardiovascular vortex formation is comprehensively reviewed. The last
chapter is focused on diagnostic vortex imaging in which we have reviewed existing
methods to visualize vortices in the cardiac chambers, and the experimental and
computational techniques to model the vortex formation in cardiovascular system.
The material described in the book has been brought together from the published
and unpublished work of the authors and the invited contributors. Through this
work, we desire to translate physical, mathematical and engineering concepts related
vii
viii Preface
to vortex formation into a clinical perspective with the objectives that these notions
fi nally advance the cardiovascular patient care.
This work is the product of three years of transatlantic collaboration on various
cardiovascular projects between Kheradvar’s and Pedrizzetti’s groups. In addition,
we owe debt of gratitude to the invited contributors who permitted to span over the
multidisciplinary expertise involved in this fi eld; without their support and involve-
ment, completion of the book seemed impossible. We would also like to acknowl-
edge our students and postdoctoral scholars, Ahmad Falahatpisheh, Hamed Alavi,
Jan Mangual, Brandon Dueitt, and our colleague Federico Domenichini who helped
us preparing the fi gures, plots, etc. At the end, we would like to acknowledge the
American Heart Association for providing funding support for the right ventricular
vortex project (10BGIA4170011). The funding deeply helped us contribute to
understanding of vortex formation in the right heart and enhanced our collaboration
that gave rise to the present book.
Arash Kheradvar, M.D., Ph.D. Irvine, CA, USA
Gianni Pedrizzetti, Ph.D. Trieste, Italy
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the below authors for their contributions to this
book:
Haruhiko Abe, M.D., Chapter 3: Sects. 3.5 and 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.3.
Osaka Minami Medical Center , Japan
Idit Avrahami, Ph.D., Chapter 4: Sects. 4.2 and 4.3. Chapter 5: Sect. 5.4.
Ariel University Center of Samaria, and Afeka Academic College of Engineering ,
Tel Aviv, Israel
Giuseppe Caracciolo, M.D., Chapter 3: Sects. 3.5 and 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.3.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
Gabriele Dubini, Ph.D., Chapter 4: Sect. 4.4.
Politecnico di Milano , Milano, Italy
Tino Ebbers, Ph.D., Chapter 5: Sect. 5.1
Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
Jan Engval, Ph.D., Chapter 5: Sect. 5.1
Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
Kambiz Ghafourian, M.D., Chapter 3: Sects. 3.6.4. and 3.6.5.
Washington Hospital Center , Washington, D.C., USA
Helene Houle. Chapter 5: Sect. 5.2.
Siemens Medical Solutions , Mountain View, CA, USA
Francesco Migliavacca, Ph.D., Chapter 4: Sect. 4.4.
Politecnico di Milano , Milano, Italy
Laura Miller, Ph.D., Chapter 3: Sect. 3.4.
University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Partho P. Sengupta, M.D., Chapter 3: Sects. 3.5 and 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.3.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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