VOLUME 92 Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related ...

868 Pages·2010·5.93 MB·English

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
VOLUME 92
Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some
Related Exposures
LYON, FRANCE
2010

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

VOLUME 92

Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some
Related Exposures

This publication represents the views and expert opinions

of an IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,

which met in Lyon,

11–18 October 2005

2010
IARC MONOGRAPHS
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IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures/IARC
Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2005: Lyon, France)
(IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; v. 92)
1. Carcinogens 2. DNA Adducts 3. Environmental Pollutants – toxicity
4. Neoplasms – etiology 5. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic – toxicity
I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans II. Series
ISBN 978 92 832 1292 8 (NLM Classification: W1)
ISSN 1017-1606
PRINTED IN FRANCE
Photograph: Copyright  IARC by Georges Mollon
Historical image of young chimney sweep: Copyright  Mary Evans Picture
Library London, United Kingdom; used with permission
Chemical structures (from lower left to upper right): Benzo[a]pyrene,
dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, naphtho[2,1-a]fluoranthene

Cover design: Roland Dray and Georges Mollon, IARC

CONTENTS
NOTE TO THE READER....................................................................................................1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS...................................................................................................3

PREAMBLE...........................................................................................................................7
1. Background................................................................................................................7
2. Objective and Scope..................................................................................................7
3. Selection of Topics for Monographs........................................................................8
4. Data for Monographs.................................................................................................9
5. The Working Group...................................................................................................9
6. Working Procedures..................................................................................................9
7. Exposure Data..........................................................................................................10
8. Studies of Cancer in Humans..................................................................................12
9. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals..........................................................15
10. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity
and its Mechanisms..................................................................................................18
11. Summary of Data Reported.....................................................................................20
12. Evaluation.................................................................................................................21
13. References................................................................................................................26

GENERAL REMARKS......................................................................................................31

MONOGRAPH ON SOME NON-HETEROCYCLIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS AND SOME RELATED EXPOSURES........................................33
1. Exposure Data..........................................................................................................35
1.1 Chemical and physical data............................................................................35
1.2 Occurrence and exposure...............................................................................41
1.3 Regulations and guidelines...........................................................................106
1.4 References.....................................................................................................110
2. Studies of Cancer in Humans................................................................................122
2.1 Cohort and nested case–control studies by industry...................................122
2.2 Case–control studies by cancer site.............................................................186
–v–
vi IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 92
2.3 Meta-analyses of studies of workers exposed to PAHs..............................227
2.4 Dietary exposure to PAHs and cancer.........................................................229
2.5 References.....................................................................................................233
3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals........................................................244
Acenaphthene.........................................................................................................244
Acepyrene...............................................................................................................244
Anthanthrene..........................................................................................................245
Anthracene..............................................................................................................320
11H-Benz[b,c]aceanthrylene.................................................................................365
Benz[j]aceanthrylene.............................................................................................366
Benz[l]aceanthrylene.............................................................................................367
Benz[a]anthracene.................................................................................................367
Benzo[b]chrysene..................................................................................................388
Benzo[g]chrysene..................................................................................................388
Benzo[a]fluoranthene............................................................................................388
Benzo[b]fluoranthene............................................................................................388
Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene.........................................................................................389
Benzo[j]fluoranthene.............................................................................................390
Benzo[k]fluoranthene............................................................................................391
Benzo[a]fluorene...................................................................................................392
Benzo[b]fluorene...................................................................................................392
Benzo[c]fluorene....................................................................................................392
Benzo[ghi]perylene................................................................................................393
Benzo[c]phenanthrene...........................................................................................393
Benzo[a]pyrene......................................................................................................394
Benzo[e]pyrene......................................................................................................423
Chrysene.................................................................................................................424
Coronene.................................................................................................................425
4H-Cyclopenta[def]chrysene.................................................................................425
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene............................................................................................425
5,6-Cyclopenteno-1,2-benzanthracene.................................................................426
Dibenz[a,c]anthracene...........................................................................................427
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene...........................................................................................428
Dibenz[a,j]anthracene............................................................................................432
Dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene......................................................................................433
13H-Dibenzo[a,g]fluorene....................................................................................434
Dibenzo[h,rst]pentaphene.....................................................................................434
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene................................................................................................434
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene...............................................................................................436
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene................................................................................................438
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene................................................................................................442
CONTENTS vii

Dibenzo[e,l]pyrene.................................................................................................449
1,2-Dihydroaceanthrylene.....................................................................................450
1,4-Dimethylphenanthrene....................................................................................451
Fluoranthene...........................................................................................................451
Fluorene..................................................................................................................452
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene.........................................................................................453
1-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................454
2-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................454
3-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................454
4-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................455
5-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................455
6-Methylchrysene..................................................................................................456
2-Methylfluoranthene............................................................................................456
3-Methylfluoranthene............................................................................................457
1-Methylphenanthrene...........................................................................................457
Naphtho[1,2-b]fluoranthene..................................................................................457
Naphtho[2,1-a]fluoranthene..................................................................................458
Naphtho[2,3-e]pyrene............................................................................................458
Perylene..................................................................................................................459
Phenanthrene..........................................................................................................460
Picene......................................................................................................................461
Pyrene.....................................................................................................................462
Triphenylene...........................................................................................................464
Laboratory mixtures of PAHs...............................................................................464
Environmental mixtures........................................................................................475
3.1 References.....................................................................................................492
4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and
its Mechanisms.......................................................................................................512
4.1 Toxicokinetics...............................................................................................512
4.2 Mechanisms of carcinogenesis.....................................................................538
4.3 Potentially susceptible subpopulations........................................................665
4.4 Other toxicity.................................................................................................678
4.5 References.....................................................................................................682
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation........................................................754
5.1 Exposure data................................................................................................754
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data.........................................................................754
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data.........................................................................759
5.4 Mechanism of action and other relevant data..............................................765
5.5 Evaluation......................................................................................................771
viii IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 92
APPENDIX: Chemical and Physical Data for Some Non-heterocyclic
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons..................................................................................774

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................815

CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPHS SERIES.......................................819