VOLUME 36 2007 NUMBER 1 Contents An introduction to the APA's Panel on International ...

57 Pages·2007·0.52 MB·English

Polygraph

VOLUME 36 2007 NUMBER 1

Contents

An introduction to the APA’s Panel on International Developments 1
in Polygraphy
Frank Horvath

Overview of Polygraphy in the United Kingdom 3
Shay Addison

The Use and Benefits of the Photoelectric Plethysmograph in 18
Polygraph Testing
Mark Handler and Donald J. Krapohl

History of the Backster Zone Comparison Technique 26
Cleve Backster

A Personal View of Donald Krapohl’s “Validated Polygraph 28
Techniques”
Nathan J. Gordon

Critical Analysis of Krapohl’s Validated Polygraph Techniques 29

James Allan Matte

Rejoinder to Criticisms by Messrs Backster, Gordon and Matte: 35

A closer look at the evidence

Donald J. Krapohl

A Reply to Krapohl’s Rejoinder to Criticism of his Article on 45

Validated Polygraph Techniques

James Allen Matte

Rejoinder to Criticisms by Matte: Closing Comments 48

Donald J. Krapohl

Published Quarterly
© American Polygraph Association, 2007
P.O. Box 8037, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37414-0037
Horvath
An introduction to the APA’s Panel on International Developments
in Polygraphy

Frank Horvath, Ph.D.

In 2005, at the APA seminar in San In the first-ever Panel in 2005, the
Antonio, the first-ever APA “International” presenters were: Ms. Shay Addison, from the
panel was organized. The purpose of the Panel United Kingdom, Mitsuyoshi Mizutani from
was to serve as a forum for discussion of Japan and Dr. Yung Hyeock Lee from South
contemporary events in Polygraphy and Korea. Col. Adrian Coman, Romania, was also
Credibility Assessment in countries outside of scheduled to be a panelist but a medical
the U.S. The advent of the internet, changes problem forced him to cancel his attendance.
in social, political and legal areas, the menace
of terrorism and the growing problem of trans- In this issue of Polygraph we are
national crime have raised the need for an pleased to publish the first paper from the first
awareness of developments in the field of International Panel in 2005. In this paper,
Polygraphy. The panel was the APA’s initial Ms. Shay Addison describes Polygraphy in the
step in that direction. United Kingdom.

The International Panel presentations, About the Author
hopefully, will be a continuing feature of the
annual seminar. Generally the organization Shay Addison (United Kingdom)
will be as follows: Each Panel will consist of completed a Bachelor of Arts (psychology) at
three or four presenters, each from a different the University of Queensland in 1993 and
country. Panelists will make a 20-30 minute completed a post-graduate diploma in
presentation, after opening remarks from the psychology from Bond University in 1995.
moderator. After the featured “country” Thereafter she trained for a further two years
presentations, the moderator will summarize to fulfil the requirements for registration as a
and integrate the important points. That will psychologist in Queensland, Australia. She
be followed by a question and answer session, has worked as a psychologist with forensic
with questions posed by audience members to populations, predominantly within the prison
the panelists. This organization is intended to system in Queensland, which included the
promote greater interest in international specific assessment and treatment of sex
issues and a better understanding of how offenders.
practices and policies in other countries are
related to those in the U.S. Ms. Addison moved to the United
Kingdom in 2000, working and consulting for
In addition to a presentation at the a period of time with agencies in the north of
seminar, each panelist also agrees to prepare a England who provide services for children and
more detailed paper, in a relatively consistent young people with behavioural problems and
way, that will be submitted to the APA’s Editor those involved in the criminal justice system.
for publication consideration. Examples of
items that are to be covered in each of the In Newcastle-upon-Tyne in mid-2003,
papers include: Who is credited with the she completed a basic polygraph training
initial development of polygraph testing in the program and a one week program in post-
country? When? Who uses polygraph conviction sex offender testing (PCSOT), both
testing? How many examiners are there and provided by the International Academy of
how are they selected and trained? What kind Polygraph. The basic course was the first
of instrumentation is used? What are the polygraph training school conducted in the
dominant procedures (“techniques”) in use? UK.
What are the legal issues of most concern? Ms. Addison is one of five people
What is the public perception of Polygraphy? employed by the University of Newcastle-upon-
Tyne since 2003 to conduct PCSOT with
Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 1
An introduction to the APA’s Panel on International Developments in Polygraphy
community-based sex offenders. This testing carried out in relation to sex offenders. The
is part of a pilot project funded jointly by the one exception occurred recently. At the
Home Office and National Probation request of a large English police force Ms.
Directorate in order to evaluate the utility of Addison conducted polygraph testing of a
PCSOT within England. It is being suspect in a murder investigation. This is the
implemented by Don Grubin, Professor of first known example of this type of polygraph
Forensic Psychiatry at the University of testing being utilized by the police in the UK.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is the first Ms. Addison is a frequent presenter at
polygraphy project of its kind in the UK. The conferences in England on topics related to the
project was recently extended for a third year utility and implementation of PCSOT.
up to May 2006.
Shay Addison
With the exception of one exam, all of [email protected]
Ms Addison’s polygraph testing has been

Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 2
Addison
Overview of Polygraphy in the United Kingdom

Shay Addison

History described as a specialist on the subject of
“executive protection”. Martin Seligson,
Background to polygraphy in the United Director, a private businessman and American
Kingdom (UK). citizen resident in the UK. The last director
was Philip Tite, general manager of a UK film
Interest in the value of polygraph distribution company.
testing was first ignited in the early 1980s as a
result of one of the biggest spy scandals in Sir Terry, Mr Barrett and Mr Seligson
recent UK history. Geoffrey Prime was were questioned by the committee and Mr
employed by the British government at Barrett provided a demonstration of the
Government Communications Head Quarters instrument to the committee members. They
(GCHQ). In the early 1980s it was discovered presented information on basic polygraphy,
that he had been working for the Soviet gave examples of possible test situations,
government as a double agent for up to 20 research findings and limited information on
years. An investigation was conducted by the the specifics of their own testing in the UK.
security commission which issued a report on
the “Prime Case”. Recommendations in this Polygraph Security Services Ltd was
report prompted the government to investigate identified as having been incorporated on
additional means of vetting and monitoring 30/06/83 and is the first known provider of
their security personnel. polygraph testing in the UK. At that time it
was affiliated to the Zonn Corporation of
In 1984 the British Government, America which they stated had a 35 year
through the House of Commons, convened a history of polygraph training and practice
select committee of Members of Parliament across the USA with both police and civilian
(MPs) to hear evidence in relation to the personnel.
potential uses of polygraphy. The minutes of
evidence presented to the committee are The process by which Polygraph
contained in a 55 page document titled “The Security Services Ltd was in the position of
Implications for Industrial Relations and giving evidence to a government committee in
Employment of the Introduction of the respect of polygraphy is unknown.
Polygraph”. Furthermore, it is not clear how these men
came to know each other or how their interest
Four individuals gave evidence to the in polygraphy developed.
Employment Committee over a period of days
in 1984. A core group of three individuals The minutes of the select committee
were partners in a private company trading in highlight that the government was considering
the UK as “Polygraph Security Services Ltd”. the feasibility of piloting polygraph testing at
The fourth person to give evidence was a GCHQ, and that the prime minister had
professor of psychology from the University of recently informed parliament that the security
Utah in the United States of America. commission report recommended if polygraphy
were introduced, the tests would need to be
Polygraph Security Services Ltd was made mandatory.
managed by four people, described as follows:
Sir George Terry, Chairman, and a retired The minutes also highlight a claim by
Chief Constable of the Sussex force and a Polygraph Security Services Ltd of ongoing
former chair of the Association of Chief Police media speculation at the time that the
Constables (ACPO). Jeremy Barrett, government (which neither confirmed nor
Managing Director, a former director of the denied the rumours) had already purchased
British School of Motoring, an ex-serviceman, six instruments from the Stoelting Instrument
Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 3
Overview of Polygraphy in the United Kingdom
Company, in addition to having eight The British government did not become
polygraphists in its employ. involved in openly considering the use of
polygraphy again until 2001.
Dr David Raskin was the academic who
gave detailed evidence about polygraph. The How long has polygraph been used in
minutes suggest that he was invited as a England / United Kingdom? Who is
recognised expert in the field, although the generally recognised as the originator
process by which he specifically was selected (initiator) of polygraph testing in your
to appear is not known. country? When did this occur and under
what circumstances?
Dr Raskin discussed the general state
of polygraphy in the USA at that time. He gave Private sector
detailed information and opinion on issues of
accuracy, utility, training and ethics. He was The use of polygraphy in the UK is a
supportive of the use of polygraphy for specific relatively recent phenomenon. Information
incidents by competent, well trained suggests that polygraphy was first used in the
examiners, which he said could achieve an UK in the early 1980s within the private sector
accurate outcome 90% of the time. He was by Polygraph Security Services Ltd.
very critical of using polygraphy for pre-
employment screening due to unacceptable This company has continued to
levels of error. His major criticism of function since 1983 despite the outcome of the
polygraphy was reserved for the process of mid-80s government investigation. During
training examiners. He described polygraph evidence given to the employment committee
exams as being highly sophisticated in 1984, directors of this company indicated
psychological procedures, and considered the that they were possibly conducting tests in
general standard of recruitment and training three areas: pre-employment, employee
as inadequate, and one which produced honesty maintenance and specific employer
incompetent examiners. losses. They did not divulge the number of
tests conducted, but stated that testing
The British Psychological Society (BPS) occurred “most weeks”. Mr Jeremy Barrett
also conducted a review on the use of remains the core individual within this
polygraphy in criminal investigation and company and continues to conduct polygraph
personnel screening. This report was exams within the private sector.
published in 1986 with the major findings
being: More recently, since 1999 the number
of other private companies offering polygraph
• There was insufficient research examinations in the UK has steadily increased.
evidence to support the claims that polygraphy At present there are up to 10 companies
was adequately valid and reliable within the private sector advertising
• Polygraphy was insufficiently polygraphy as a service they offer. Information
standardised to be considered a scientific from a number of these companies informed
procedure me that the majority contract out their
• It highlighted ethical problems such as polygraph exams to one of three private
the need for examiners to induce anxiety in examiners working in the UK.
their subjects as part of the procedure
Government sector
Overall, the 1986 BPS review was
highly critical of polygraphy and did not Within the government arena,
support its use in any context. Consequently, unconfirmed sources suggest that the British
government plans for piloting polygraph government may periodically use polygraph
testing were considered infeasible for use with examiners from abroad to monitor their
security personnel at GCHQ or for any other security personnel at MI5 and MI6, despite
purpose. Officially in the mid-1980s, publicly shelving plans in the mid-80s for
polygraphy was effectively “shelved” by the British personnel to perform this function.
government. Given the sensitivity of this issue, and the

Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 4
Addison
potential controversy surrounding it, the use at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne for
of polygraphy within the British security this purpose.
services will no doubt continue to remain a
topic of speculation. In response to the results of the initial
utility research project carried out on men in
The most recent and prominent the UK in 2001 & 2002 (published as Grubin,
advancement in polygraph testing in the UK Madsen, Parsons, Sosnowski & Warberg,
has occurred hand in hand with academia. 2004; & Madsen, L., Parsons, S. & Grubin, D,
Don Grubin, NHS Honorary Consultant 2004), the government bodies responsible for
Forensic Psychiatrist and Professor of Forensic offender management (i.e. the Home Office and
Psychiatry at the University of Newcastle- National Probation Directorate) funded a two-
upon-Tyne is generally considered responsible year project piloting PCSOT within the
for initiating the first systematic government- probation service. The pilot was funded
supported use of polygraph testing within the specifically to conduct examinations with sex
UK. offenders engaged in treatment in the
community and was implemented as a
This has occurred within the context of voluntary process.
research conducted at the University of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne by Professor Grubin and Recruitment of examiners for this
colleagues about the potential value of using project took place in early 2003. Initial
polygraph testing in a post-conviction capacity training began in May 2003 and testing began
with sex offenders. Professor Grubin has in England in September 2003. The funding
published widely in the area of sexual for this pilot project was extended for a further
offending and is a recognised expert in this third year to enable PCSOT to continue to
field. operate in 10 probation areas throughout
England. This project is due to run until the
Professor Grubin was initially end of June 2006, with further funding
introduced to post-conviction sex offender expected to be made beyond this date.
testing (PCSOT) in the late 1990s by Dr Daniel
Wilcox, a clinical forensic psychologist who Research
runs a private practice in Birmingham, UK.
Dr Wilcox specialises in working with learning What academics & / or researchers in your
disabled sex offenders and was interested in country have done research in polygraph
what impact polygraphy may have within his testing or related areas?
clinical work. Through the American
Polygraph Association (APA) Dr Wilcox Empirical research has been conducted
arranged for an examiner experienced in in the UK in relation to the use of polygraph
conducting sex offender testing to conduct within a number of specific clinical settings.
exams for a small research study involving the
men he treated in his practice. This research The first known studies were published
study looked at the utility of polygraph in by Gisli Gudjonsson, Professor of Forensic
relation to the reporting of sexual histories. Psychology, British Institute of Psychiatry,
Wilcox (2000) found that men who had taken a who has published widely in the area of
polygraph exam reported significantly more deception and confession. Professor
about their sexual history than those who did Gudjonsson informed me that he conducted a
not take a polygraph exam. The testing was number of studies for his PhD in the UK in the
completed for this study by Dan Sosnowski late 70s & early 80s, using polygraph in
represents the first known clinical use of clinical forensic settings. The BPS reviews of
polygraphy in the UK. 1986 and 2004 highlight specific examples,
such as utilising polygraph to assist establish
On the basis of these results, Professor the identity of a patient who alleged amnesia;
Grubin subsequently made the decision to and looking at polygraph testing with ‘drunk
conduct empirical research on the utility of driver’s’ who alleged having a blood injury
polygraph testing with community-based sex phobia.
offenders. Since 2000 he has headed research
Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 5
Overview of Polygraphy in the United Kingdom
Dr Daniel Wilcox, a private clinical The research utilised a field study
forensic psychologist, published results of a methodology where “ground truth” was
research project he conducted using post- identified by using hair sample analysis to test
conviction sex offender testing with clients for drug-taking. This was then matched to the
from his psychology clinic in Birmingham, UK outcome of a drug-taking question on a
(Wilcox, 2000). He has also published another multiple issue polygraph maintenance exam.
paper relating to this topic (Wilcox, Sosnowski
& Middleton, 2000). In this study, truth-tellers (i.e. those
who said they did not use drugs and the hair
More recently, since 2000, Professor sample test concurred) were correctly
Grubin has headed research in evaluating the identified approximately 80% of the time.
use of polygraphy in a post-conviction capacity Liars, though small in number, were correctly
with sex offenders subject to probation. Mr identified up to 100%. However, these
Lars Madsen, clinical psychologist, St Nicholas accuracy figures differ significantly depending
Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne completed a on whether you use the outcomes (i.e. ‘DI’ or
PhD from 2000 to 2006 about PCSOT at the ‘NDI’) of the original examiners or of examiners
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was who blindly scored the charts. Results
supervised by Professor Grubin. Dr Shaun demonstrate that blind scoring of charts
Parsons, forensic psychologist has also produced far more accurate results.
contributed to this polygraphy research. Mr Implications of this are discussed.
Madsen’s PhD research with Professor Grubin
culminated in two major studies and six Dr Keith Ashcroft, a forensic
publications to date: Grubin, D., Madsen, L., psychologist based in Manchester, UK, has
Parsons, S., Sosnowski, D. & Warberg, B. also conducted polygraph research in relation
(2004); Madsen, L., Parsons, S. & Grubin, D. to assessing malingering in the mentally ill.
(2004); Grubin, D. & Madsen, L. (2005), This research has been conducted through the
Madsen, L., Parsons, S. & Grubin, D. (2006); Psychology Department at the University of
Grubin, D. & Madsen, L. (in press); Madsen, L. Mainz, Germany. Dr Ashcroft has referenced
& Grubin, D. (submitted 2006). research conducted with colleagues at various
university and medical institutions which are
The first study was carried out in the published on his website www.forensic-
UK in 2001 / 2002 and examined the utility of centre.com/research.html.
PSCOT. Dan Sosnowski and Brent Warberg,
both private examiners based in Georgia, The seven publications identified by Dr
conducted the testing for this project. The Ashcroft deal primarily with an alternate
general findings were that PCSOT assisted technology for the detection of deception,
offenders to disclose information about risk which is referred to as “Silent Talker”. This
behaviours that they had failed to disclose in technology is described as being a system
any other context. Repeated testing also which uses artificial neural networks to
appeared to help offenders reduce the extent analyse changes in facial features and other
to which they engaged in high risk behaviour. non-verbal behaviours to diagnose deception.
Finally, after having the experience of a
polygraph test, offenders reported more What is the nature of the relationship
information to their probation officers about between examiners and researchers?
their risk behaviours.
All of the examiners who have
The second study was carried out in conducted PCSOT in the probation service
Georgia, USA in 2003-05 and focussed upon have been recruited by Professor Grubin and
issues relating to accuracy within a PCSOT remain under his supervision. Professor
context. Overall the findings support the view Grubin was awarded the tender by the British
that polygraph is both accurate and useful government to implement the polygraphy pilot
with community-based sex offender throughout the national probation service, and
populations. as such five examiners are currently employed
directly by the University of Newcastle-upon-
Tyne for this purpose.

Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 6
Addison
Given that academia has facilitated Is it being privately supported? By Whom?
polygraph’s implementation in the UK, there
remains a continuously high level of I am not aware of private funding for
professional contact between examiners and polygraph research in the UK in relation to
researchers involved with the University of PCSOT. No information is available in relation
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Dr Daniel Wilcox also to funding for Dr Ashcroft’s research projects.
maintains professional contact with
researchers and examiners employed by the Examiners
University of Newcastle. Contact between
other examiners and researchers based in the How many examiners are there in your
UK remains limited. country?

Is there any research being done in your According to the information I have had
country now and if so, who is doing it and access to, at present there are 14 examiners
what is its nature? practicing in the UK and one in training in the
USA. Five of these examiners are females,
The PCSOT pilot project, being nine males.
implemented in the national probation service,
continues to be evaluated at the present time. I also have unconfirmed information
The criteria for evaluation are not empirical about a psychologist from the Northern Ireland
measures, but rely upon a comparison of prison service who has recently trained as a
qualitative data relating to polygraph utility. polygraph examiner.
Essentially, probation officers and treatment
facilitators are required to fill out an ‘actions Types of examiners and characteristics of
taken’ form after each offender they supervise examiners
has had a polygraph exam. This form is
designed to show changes in the offender’s Private examiners
management made in response to any
disclosures or the outcome of the polygraph There are three completely private
exam. The same ‘actions taken’ form is also examiners in the UK, all of whom have a
being filled out periodically for sex offenders in primary background in the business arena.
probation areas where polygraphy is not being Mr Jeremy Barrett continues to operate
used. The information between the Polygraph Security Services Ltd. The other
‘polygraphy’ and ‘no polygraphy’ sites is then two examiners, Mr Bruce Burgess and Mr Guy
compared. This evaluation has continued Heseldine, run a private company called
throughout the third year of the pilot. Distress Services.

Is the research being supported by the Police examiners
government? If so, which agencies?
Currently three serving police officers
Mr Madsen was awarded funding for a have been trained as examiners. One of these
period of two years to conduct the PCSOT is Detective Sergeant Jackie Coleman, of the
accuracy study in Georgia, USA, as part of his Northumbria police force. DS Coleman has
PhD at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. been a police officer for twenty years and
Funding for approximately £100,000 was currently works with supervising and
provided by the National Health Service monitoring community-based sex offenders
National Research & Development Programme through the Multi Agency Public Protection
on Forensic Mental Health Fellowship. Details protocols. She has conducted a number of
of this fellowship can be found at: PCSOT exams.
http://www.nfmhp.org.uk/research.htm#cppf
The other two officers are both from the
The PCSOT probation pilot headed by Metropolitan police force and have been
Professor Grubin is funded wholly by the serving officers for many years. These officers
government, jointly through the Home Office are yet to conduct examinations in the UK.
and the National Probation Directorate.
Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 7
Overview of Polygraphy in the United Kingdom
They have however conducted approximately upon evaluating the use of polygraph with the
70 exams with criminal suspects in Canada. prisoners from the DSPD unit at Durham
prison.
Government examiners
The other two examiners are Dr Keith
None known. Ashcroft and Dr Junjie Wang, forensic
psychologist and forensic psychiatrist
University / prison / hospital respectively. Drs Ashcroft and Junjie are
colleagues who conduct examinations and
There are a total of eight examiners research via Dr Ashcroft’s private clinic in
employed by university, prison and hospital to Manchester and through the University of
conduct PCSOT within various contexts. Mainz in Germany.

Five examiners are employed by the Licensing laws regulating examiners
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne to conduct
PCSOT within the national probation service. There are currently no laws pertaining
Two of these examiners are full-time, three to the regulation of examiners or polygraph
part-time. These examiners are Ms Shay testing in the UK.
Addison, Ms Caroline Oliver, Ms Zarine
O’Keeffe, Ms Nikki Collins and Mr John Examiners residing outside of your country
Meredith. The first four examiners are who test in your country?
psychologists and have varied experience
within the forensic arena, including working No information.
within adult and juvenile prison and probation
services, forensic psychiatric hospital, Who are noted as the leading, prominent
university research and private psychological polygraph examiners in your country?
practice. The fifth PSCOT examiner, Mr John Provide a short biographical sketch of these
Meredith, is a retired detective inspector who persons and identify what is / was their
specialised in child protection and noted contribution?
investigating sexual abuse within the Thames
Valley police force. Given that polygraph testing is in its
infancy within the UK, the profession has yet
Ms Nikki Collins is also employed part- to produce examiners that would be
time as a forensic psychologist at a secure considered ‘leading or prominent’ within the
forensic psychiatric hospital. Procedures are field.
currently being considered to enable Ms
Collins to conduct tests within the unit for Training
patients who have committed sexual offences
and are diagnosed as having a dangerous and What was the training / background of the
severe personality disorder (DSPD). first examiners?

The sixth examiner, Mr Craig Testo, is The majority of polygraph examiners
employed full-time as a psychologist within within the UK have undertaken formal training
Her Majesty’s prison service. He conducts within an APA approved training school.
PCSOT within the probation service, whilst
awaiting procedures to be enacted which will Private examiners
enable Mr Testo to test offenders within the
Durham prison DSPD unit. This will include Mr Jeremy Barrett, who appears to
sex offenders, but is not limited to that have been testing in the UK since 1983
population. provided information to the commons select
committee in 1984 saying at that time he was
In September 2005 Mr Testo enrolled “partially trained” as an examiner, although he
at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne as a did not provide any further details with regard
PhD student, supervised by Professor Grubin. to the type of training. No further information
It is envisaged that his research will focus has been made available to me in this regard.

Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 8
Addison
The other two private examiners Psychology, Germany. Dr Ashcroft also
currently operating Distress Services in the UK reports that Dr Wang was trained at the
provided the following information about their Chinese Institute of Science by the Chinese
company, training and testing practices. Public Security Ministry. Further details were
Distress Services was formed in 1999 by Mr not provided.
Blake Burgess who qualified at the Maryland
Institute of Criminal Justice (MIJC). He no Police
longer conducts tests. His father and brother-
in-law continue to operate this small company. The two police officers from the
Metropolitan police force were trained formally
Mr Bruce Burgess attended the at the Canadian police polygraph school in
Backster School of Lie Detection for core 2004.
formal training in San Diego in 2001 and later
completed the PCSOT course at the What is the current status of training? Is
International Academy of Polygraph. Mr Guy there a training school in your country?
Heseldine trained at the MIJC in Spring 2003
and completed the PCSOT course at the MICJ There are currently no formal training
in November 2003. schools set up within the UK. However,
trainers from the International Academy of
University / prison / hospital examiners Polygraph have continued to function as
consultants and supervisors to University of
The International Academy of Newcastle-upon-Tyne examiners who are
Polygraph, based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida conducting PCSOT within the probation,
ran a polygraph school at the University of hospital and prison services.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, from 5th May,
2003 until 8th July, 2003 where six people Mr Lou Criscella has been retained by
completed the basic eight week training the project to provide continuous supervision
programme, in addition to the 40 hour PCSOT in this regard and have conducted advanced
training. training in England twice a year since the
initial training programme in mid-2003.
This school was specifically set up to Additionally, all examiners associated with the
train examiners employed by the University for University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne have
the implementation of the PCSOT pilot within attended the annual APA conference as part of
the probation service and involved the further training and professional development.
following people: Ms Shay Addison, Ms
Caroline Oliver, Ms Zarine O’Keeffe, Mr John Mr Heseldine informed me that both he
Meredith, DS Jackie Coleman and Mr Jos and Mr Burgess Snr have attended further
Buschman. training in the USA at the Backster school of
Mr Jos Buschman, a Dutch national Lie Detection.
and psychologist working within the Dutch
health system, was funded to complete the At present all examiners, with the
formal training by his employer. He has not exception of Mr Barrett and Drs Ashcroft and
conducted exams in the UK. Wang are either associate or intern members
of the APA. There are no polygraph examiner
Both Ms Nikki Collins and Mr Craig associations within the UK.
Testo attended formal polygraph schools in the
USA at the International Academy of Training concerns
Polygraph, Fort Lauderdale, in 2004 and 2005
respectively. One of the issues highlighted,
particularly by private examiners, is the cost
Dr Keith Ashcroft reports being trained associated with ongoing training. This is
as an examiner by Professor Udo Undeutsch in generally because the majority of training
Cologne, Germany. The training appears to requires examiners to attend the USA. It has
have been done within a research capacity at been noted that the APA has attempted to
the University of Mainz, Department of address these issues by providing website
Polygraph, 2007, 36,1 9