Visual Anatomy & Physiology (Part I)

733 Pages·2016·146.19 MB·English

by  Martini F.H.

A Complete Learning Solution
Visual Anatomy
Module 4.16
Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and Neural Tissue & Physiology,
neural tissue is specialized for communication Neural tissue, which is also known as nervous tissue, is specialized to conduct electrical
Muscle Tissue itnmiessrpuvuoel usienss st fhyrseot mebmo od. nyNe ie sru einrga itlo htneis osbufr eath icneo abnnotdadi yns psto itn waanol oc totyhrpdeer,s .w Nohfi incceehlt lyas-:r ee(i1 gt)hh net epcuoerrnoctenronslt ( coNefn OtthOeer Rsn -oeoufn trhza;le Second Edition
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smooth muscle is found in the skin, in the
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164 • Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Organization 4.16 Specify the functions of muscle tissue and neural tissue. Section 3: Muscle Tissue and Neural Tissue • 165
Visual Anatomy
Activity
5.3 EMpicitrhoeslciaolp Tiics sOubes: ervations of Columnar Epithelia B Pseudostratified Columnar & Physiology
View a slide of the trachea under low power. Move the slide so that a region of the epithelium that lines the lumen
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Stephen n. SArikAS Epithelium Nuclei of epithelial cells Lumen 3NmtpfDcrreherooedueolmplt.ysccee eo m shntsuehasdacse ryiar sn ce dnhaegtidp esl dol t ppseiingn ern( oeagcthhsrttoa ietecvbincvl epeltce,esa er o tecrts v hhp cotaeeeahrlm lr-eselasst phdita)cii.aioi atgnTphnlheesee,.s de dltti h uimbvemleuus e ce u osr Dieti▶Mddipsueeaistnnruhkitteneiii ffnglayyir ag yettlohh laCuaeeroy rrcf eaunoornnbn.n gcWsneeeteidCrhocv tytnianii svtdo ietooonh ftn i yiscssso os wouunf aen tey htep?hic ni(attHkihtv eiieesnlp i ttfaii:ot,s Rhusyueneolefduie.a) rjw uatneosrtd eyd ocaeousenkrp ent tdeeox ct teto iat voce h lhaabn pdrsa-cotnic aec ctiovnitsiiesst sin o f
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that you breathe in. The beating cilia then move this debris to the
throat, where it is swallowed.
MasteringA&P. Main,
54 ExErcisE 5 Tissues ExErcisE 5 Tissues 55
Cat, and Pig versions are
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MasteringA&P is an online learning and assessment system proven to
help students learn and designed to help instructors teach more efficiently.
• Lets instructors easily assign media that is automatically graded
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feedback and hints
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A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 1 11/12/13 4:35 AM
The Modular Organization
The time-saving modular organization presents topics in two-page spreads. These
two-page spreads give students an efficient organization for managing their time. Students can study
each module during the limited time they have in their busy schedules—ten minutes for one module
now, ten minutes for another module later—checking off each module as they complete it.
Module 15.19
Photoreception involves activation, bleaching,
First, the top left page and reassembly of visual pigments
begins with a full-sentence
topic heading that teaches RESTING STATE 1 The plasma membrane in the outer segment of the photoreceptor 3 Opsin then activates 4 Phosphodiesterase is an ACTIVE STATE
contains chemically gated sodium ion channels. In darkness, these transducin, a G enzyme that breaks down
the major point of the mod-
gated channels are kept open in the presence of cGMP (cyclic guanosine protein bound to the disc cGMP. The removal of cGMP
ule. (These topic headings monophosphate), a derivative of the high-energy compound guanosine membrane. The transducin from the gated sodium channels
are correlated by number to –40 mV triphosphate (GTP). Because the channels are open, the membrane in turn activates the enzyme results in their inactivation. –70 mV
potential is approximately –40 mV, rather than the –70 mV typical of phosphodiesterase (PDE). The rate of Na+ entry into the
the learning outcomes on the
resting neurons. At the –40 mV membrane potential, the photoreceptor cytosol then decreases.
chapter-opening page and at is continuously releasing neurotransmitters across synapses to bipolar
the bottom of each module. cells. The inner segment also continuously pumps sodium ions (Na+)
out of the cytosol.
The learning outcomes are
derived from the learning Cytosol 5 Tthhee r dateec roefa Nsea +in
outcomes recommended entry reduces the dark
by the Human Anatomy Na+ Disc current. At the same Na+
& Physiology Society.) Na+ Na+ tciomneti,n aucetisv teo t reaxnpsoprot rNt a+
The movement Rhodopsin Na+ from the cytosol. When
of ions into the GMP
the sodium channels
outer segment, cGMP Gated Na+ PDE close, the membrane
osne tgom thene ti,n annedr channel cGMP potential drops toward
Next, the red-boxed num- out of the cell is Transducin –70 mV. As the plasma
bers guide students through dkanrokw cnu arrse tnhte. Dmiescmbrane mizeesm, tbhrea nraet eh yopf enrepuorloa-r-
the presentation of the topic. transmitter release
decreases. This decrease
signals the adjacent
Na+ bipolar cell that the Na+
photoreceptor has
absorbed a photon.
Rod 2 The bound retinal molecule in rhodop- 6 Rhodopsin cannot respond to additional photons until its retinal
sin has two possible configurations: the component regains its original shape. It does not spontaneously
bent or curved 11-cis form and the more linear revert to the 11-cis form. Instead, the entire rhodopsin molecule must
Then, instead of long 11-trans form. Normally, in the dark, the be broken down into retinal and opsin in a process called bleaching.
columns of narrative text molecule is in the 11-cis form. On absorbing The retinal is then converted to its original cis shape. This conversion
light it changes to the 11-trans form. This requires energy in the form of ATP. Opsin and 11-cis retinal are
that refer to visuals, brief change activates the opsin molecule. reassembled and the rhodopsin molecule is ready to repeat the cycle.
text is built right into the
visuals. Students read while ATP ADP
Photon
looking at the correspond-
enzyme
ing visual, which means:
Rhodopsin
• No long paragraphs Neurotransmitter Opsin Opsin
release
• No page flipping Bipolar 11-cis 1 r1e-ttirnaanls
• Everything in one place cell retinal Module 15.19 Review
Opsin
a. Visual pigments undergo which three changes
during photoreception?
ACTIVATION BLEACHING REASSEMBLY b. What are the two configurations of retinal?
c. When during photoreception is ATP required?
572 • Chapter 15: The Special Senses 15.19 Explain photoreception and how visual pigments are activated. Section 3: Vision • 573
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 2 11/12/13 4:35 AM
Module 15.19
Photoreception involves activation, bleaching,
and reassembly of visual pigments
RESTING STATE 1 The plasma membrane in the outer segment of the photoreceptor 3 Opsin then activates 4 Phosphodiesterase is an ACTIVE STATE
contains chemically gated sodium ion channels. In darkness, these transducin, a G enzyme that breaks down
gated channels are kept open in the presence of cGMP (cyclic guanosine protein bound to the disc cGMP. The removal of cGMP
monophosphate), a derivative of the high-energy compound guanosine membrane. The transducin from the gated sodium channels
–40 mV triphosphate (GTP). Because the channels are open, the membrane in turn activates the enzyme results in their inactivation. –70 mV
potential is approximately –40 mV, rather than the –70 mV typical of phosphodiesterase (PDE). The rate of Na+ entry into the
resting neurons. At the –40 mV membrane potential, the photoreceptor cytosol then decreases.
is continuously releasing neurotransmitters across synapses to bipolar
cells. The inner segment also continuously pumps sodium ions (Na+)
out of the cytosol.
5 The decrease in
Cytosol the rate of Na+
entry reduces the dark
Disc current. At the same
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+ tciomneti,n aucetisv teo t reaxnpsoprot rNt a+
The movement Rhodopsin Na+ from the cytosol. When
of ions into the GMP
the sodium channels
outer segment, cGMP Gated Na+ PDE close, the membrane
osne tgom thene ti,n annedr channel cGMP potential drops toward
out of the cell is Transducin –70 mV. As the plasma
known as the Disc membrane hyperpolar-
dark current. membrane izes, the rate of neuro-
transmitter release
decreases. This decrease
signals the adjacent
Na+ bipolar cell that the Na+
photoreceptor has
absorbed a photon.
Rod 2 The bound retinal molecule in rhodop- 6 Rhodopsin cannot respond to additional photons until its retinal
sin has two possible configurations: the component regains its original shape. It does not spontaneously
bent or curved 11-cis form and the more linear revert to the 11-cis form. Instead, the entire rhodopsin molecule must
11-trans form. Normally, in the dark, the be broken down into retinal and opsin in a process called bleaching.
molecule is in the 11-cis form. On absorbing The retinal is then converted to its original cis shape. This conversion
light it changes to the 11-trans form. This requires energy in the form of ATP. Opsin and 11-cis retinal are
change activates the opsin molecule. reassembled and the rhodopsin molecule is ready to repeat the cycle.
ATP ADP
Photon
enzyme
Rhodopsin
Neurotransmitter Opsin Opsin
release
Bipolar 11-cis 1 r1e-ttirnaanls
cell retinal Module 15.19 Review
Opsin
a. Visual pigments undergo which three changes Finally, each module ends
during photoreception?
with a set of Module Review
ACTIVATION BLEACHING REASSEMBLY b. What are the two configurations of retinal?
questions that help students
c. When during photoreception is ATP required?
check their understanding
before moving on.
572 • Chapter 15: The Special Senses 15.19 Explain photoreception and how visual pigments are activated. Section 3: Vision • 573
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 3 11/12/13 4:35 AM
The Visual Approach
The unique visual approach allows the illustrations to be the central teaching and learning
element, with the text built directly around them—creating true text-art integration. This approach
matches how students naturally want to use their A&P textbook. Our extensive research with A&P
students—via student reviews, student focus groups, and student class tests—reveals that A&P students
go first to the visuals and then to the corresponding text.
Module 3.19
Watch
During interphase, the cell 1
2 During the S phase of the DNA replication begins when DNA helicase
prepares for cell division cell cycle, DNA is replicated. enzymes unwind the strands and disrupt the
DNA Replication The goal of DNA replication is to hydrogen bonds between the bases. As the strands
copy the genetic information in unwind, molecules of DNA polymerase bind to
Most cells spend only a small part of their time actively engaged in cell the nucleus. The process occurs in the exposed nitrogenous bases. This enzyme (1)
division. Somatic (soma, body) cells spend most of their functional lives cells preparing to undergo either promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases
mitosis or meiosis. of the DNA strand and complementary DNA
in a state known as interphase. During interphase, a cell performs all its nucleotides in the nucleoplasm and (2) links the
normal functions and, if necessary, prepares for cell division. nucleotides by covalent bonds.
1 In a cell preparing to divide, When the G1 phase is complete, the cell enters 1
2 2
interphase can be divided the S phase. Over the next 6–8 hours, the cell
3 As the two original strands gradually
into the G1, S, and G2 phases. duplicates its chromosomes. This involves DNA 4 separate, DNA polymerase binds to the
replication and the synthesis of histones 5 strands. DNA polymerase can work in
and other proteins in the nucleus. 7 6 only one direction along a strand of DNA,
9 8 but the two strands in a DNA molecule
A cell that is ready to
are oriented in opposite directions. The
dpmcyihvataoikdseseeks. e fieIlnrens tottah ueli gsen hltpee hmmrasei sttneoh,tce sth ,hG oee1nn cdderolilap,l as- D6 NStoA 8 hours endsr, etphleicWrea htiiseo ann b DrNieAf Segment 2 DNA nucleotide DsmctoNrapaAkyne dpt ah os aslhytino mgwgrelonerwa ,h scseeo tr nobetwo ainuadunrddods u t tnhsou e ctc “ohlzemeipo upptpiledeprme.”esre tnot ary
mic reticula, ribosomes, Golgi replication, (2- to 5-hour) G2 phase
mtrewpeomli cfubanrtaicontnieo sbn, eaagln icdne slc lisyn.t CoGse1on alt nrfoidorl e shyinsttoohfneesiss 2 t depvrcooottmeeidpn lt seoyt ilnnatsght -ecmseinsin tarunitodele t o 6 7 8 Segment 1 3 DwNorAk poonllyym aweraays efr oonm t hthee l oziwpepre sr.t rSaon tdh cean
cGtoo2pm. Isnmp aeo ecndelyl,l Gcdo1iv nmitdianinyug lea sas ttu ntil P Gro2tein o 5 hours replication. 1 2 3 4 5 fisctorrsmatn DpdlNe mAmu pesnot tlayadmryde DnraNuscAel e tsootrt abidninedds m atono dvth ibnisugi lfdro am
jcuesllt p8o–u12rs h aollu itrss .e Snuecrhg ya ours G1 synthesis lceofnt ttion urieg htot. uAns ztihpe, atdwdoi toioringainl anlu sctlreaontdidses
into mitosis, and all e h Normal THE KEY are continuously being exposed to the
other activities cease. mor pcleulsl fcuenllc gtiroonwsth, CELL Adenine 4 nonu ctlheios psltarasmnd. Tchaen nfiorstt g DoN inAt poo relyvmeresrea.s Iet
wIf eGe1k lsa,s otsr fmoro dnathyss,, ro 8 o prrgoatneeinll esy dnuthpelisciastion, CYCLE Prophase Guanine Tphouinst, ao fs eucnoznipdp DinNgA a npdo laysmseemrabsele m au csotm bpinldem cleonstearr tyo c tohpey cita anl roenadlyy c sotnartitneude. to elongate the strand
preparation for mitosis Cytosine (segment 2) that grows until it “bumps into” segment 1
created by the first DNA polymerase. Enzymes called
occurs as the cell MITOSIS
pfuenrcfotiromnss .its normal Metaphase Thymine DthNeA tw liog aDsNeAs (sLeĪg-gmāes-netzs;. liga, to tie) then splice together
A
n
Telophase aphase 1 to 3 hours MAN PDh aCsYeT –O MKIINTOESSIISS itdh3een cteicnEsattvrlre aiDonnlNtdeussAa. dl Tlmyuh,p otelhli eccecoa uutpenlyedzisn,i pahgnp aedivnne tdg hf soce, ro tnmmheeepc dlelae.s stsOtea lsnrypyc s leeiec ntpihnzaeygr ma DitseeN sds A otahnn ieesd , o rpaernripgodliti ncetwaaintlo esd ,
synthesized, the cell leaves interphase and is ready to proceed to
mitosis.
Module 3.19 Review
G
0 a. Describe interphase, and identify its
stages.
An interphase cell in the G0 phase is not b. What enzymes must be present for
Descriptions and preparing for division, but is instead performing Duplicated DNA double helices DNA replication to proceed normally?
all of the other functions appropriate for that particu-
key terminology are lar cell type. Some mature cells, such as skeletal muscle c. A cell is actively manufacturing enough
organelles to serve two functional cells.
embedded in the art. cells and most neurons, remain in G0 indefinitely and never This cell is probably in what phase of
divide. In contrast, stem cells, which divide repeatedly with interphase?
very brief interphase periods, never enter G0.
122 • Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization 3.19 Describe interphase, and explain its significance. Section 4: Cell Life Cycle • 123
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 4 11/12/13 4:35 AM
Module 3.19
Watch
During interphase, the cell 1
2 During the S phase of the DNA replication begins when DNA helicase
prepares for cell division cell cycle, DNA is replicated. enzymes unwind the strands and disrupt the Step numbers and
DNA Replication The goal of DNA replication is to hydrogen bonds between the bases. As the strands
copy the genetic information in unwind, molecules of DNA polymerase bind to manageable
Most cells spend only a small part of their time actively engaged in cell the nucleus. The process occurs in the exposed nitrogenous bases. This enzyme (1) “chunks” of
division. Somatic (soma, body) cells spend most of their functional lives cells preparing to undergo either promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases information that
mitosis or meiosis. of the DNA strand and complementary DNA
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guide students through
1 In a cell preparing to divide, When the G1 phase is complete, the cell enters 1 complex processes.
2 2
interphase can be divided the S phase. Over the next 6–8 hours, the cell
3 As the two original strands gradually
into the G1, S, and G2 phases. duplicates its chromosomes. This involves DNA 4 separate, DNA polymerase binds to the
replication and the synthesis of histones 5 strands. DNA polymerase can work in
and other proteins in the nucleus. 7 6 only one direction along a strand of DNA,
9 8 but the two strands in a DNA molecule
A cell that is ready to
are oriented in opposite directions. The
dpmcyihvataoikdseseeks. e fieIlnrens tottah ueli gsen hltpee hmmrasei sttneoh,tce sth ,hG oee1nn cdderolilap,l as- D6 NStoA 8 hours endsr, etphleicWrea htiiseo ann b DrNieAf Segment 2 DNA nucleotide DsmctoNrapaAkyne dpt ah os aslhytino mgwgrelonerwa ,h scseeo tr nobetwo ainuadunrddods u t tnhsou e ctc “ohlzemeipo upptpiledeprme.”esre tnot ary
mic reticula, ribosomes, Golgi replication, (2- to 5-hour) G2 phase
mtrewpeomli cfubanrtaicontnieo sbn, eaagln icdne slc lisyn.t CoGse1on alt nrfoidorl e shyinsttoohfneesiss 2 t depvrcooottmeeidpn lt seoyt ilnnatsght -ecmseinsin tarunitodele t o 6 7 8 Segment 1 3 DwNorAk poonllyym aweraays efr oonm t hthee l oziwpepre sr.t rSaon tdh cean
cGtoo2pm. Isnmp aeo ecndelyl,l Gcdo1iv nmitdianinyug lea sas ttu ntil P Gro2tein o 5 hours replication. 1 2 3 4 5 fisctorrsmatn DpdlNe mAmu pesnot tlayadmryde DnraNuscAel e tsootrt abidninedds m atono dvth ibnisugi lfdro am
jcuesllt p8o–u12rs h aollu itrss .e Snuecrhg ya ours G1 synthesis lceofnt ttion urieg htot. uAns ztihpe, atdwdoi toioringainl anlu sctlreaontdidses
into mitosis, and all e h Normal THE KEY are continuously being exposed to the
other activities cease. mor pcleulsl fcuenllc gtiroonwsth, CELL Adenine 4 nonu ctlheios psltarasmnd. Tchaen nfiorstt g DoN inAt poo relyvmeresrea.s Iet
wIf eGe1k lsa,s otsr fmoro dnathyss,, ro 8 o prrgoatneeinll esy dnuthpelisciastion, CYCLE Prophase Guanine Tphouinst, ao fs eucnoznipdp DinNgA a npdo laysmseemrabsele m au csotm bpinldem cleonstearr tyo c tohpey cita anl roenadlyy c sotnartitneude. to elongate the strand
preparation for mitosis Cytosine (segment 2) that grows until it “bumps into” segment 1
created by the first DNA polymerase. Enzymes called
occurs as the cell MITOSIS
pfuenrcfotiromnss .its normal Metaphase Thymine DthNeA tw liog aDsNeAs (sLeĪg-gmāes-netzs;. liga, to tie) then splice together
A
n
Telophase aphase 1 to 3 hours MAN PDh aCsYeT –O MKIINTOESSIISS itdh3een cteicnEsattvrlre aiDonnlNtdeussAa. dl Tlmyuh,p otelhli eccecoa uutpenlyedzisn,i pahgnp aedvinne tdg hf soce, ro tnmmheeepc dlelae.s stsOtea lsnrypyc s leeiec ntpihnzaeygr ma DitseeN sds A otahnn ieesd , o rpaernripgodliti ncetwaaintlo esd ,
synthesized, the cell leaves interphase and is ready to proceed to
mitosis.
Module 3.19 Review
G
0 a. Describe interphase, and identify its
stages.
An interphase cell in the G0 phase is not b. What enzymes must be present for
preparing for division, but is instead performing Duplicated DNA double helices DNA replication to proceed normally? NEW Tough Topic
all of the other functions appropriate for that particu-
c. A cell is actively manufacturing enough Coaching Activities
lar cell type. Some mature cells, such as skeletal muscle
organelles to serve two functional cells.
cells and most neurons, remain in G indefinitely and never One module in each chapter now
0 This cell is probably in what phase of
divide. In contrast, stem cells, which divide repeatedly with interphase? has an assignable Coaching
very brief interphase periods, never enter G0.
Activity in MasteringA&P.
122 • Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization 3.19 Describe interphase, and explain its significance. Section 4: Cell Life Cycle • 123
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 5 11/12/13 4:35 AM
Astrocytes maintain the blood–brain barrier Oligodendrocytes (ol-i-gō-DEN-drō-sīts; oligo-, few) provide a
that isolates the CNS from the chemicals and structural framework within the CNS by stabilizing the positions of
hormones circulating in the blood. They also axons. They also produce myelin (MĪ-e-lin), a membranous
provide structural support within neural tissue; wrapping that coats axons and increases the speed of nerve
regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concen- impulse transmission. When myelinating an axon, the tip of an
trations in the interstitial fluid surrounding the oligodendrocyte process expands to form an enormous membra-
neurons; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters nous pad containing very little cytoplasm. This flattened “pancake”
that are not broken down or reabsorbed at somehow gets wound around the axon, forming concentric layers
synapses; and form scar tissue after CNS injury. of plasma membrane. These layers constitute a myelin sheath.
Many oligodendrocytes cooperate in the
formation of a myelin sheath along the
length of an axon. Such an axon is said to be
myelinated. Each oligodendrocyte
myelinates segments of several axons. The
relatively large areas of the axon that are
thus wrapped in myelin are called
internodes (inter, between).
The small unmyelinated gaps that separate
Section of
Capillary adjacent internodes are called nodes (or
spinal cord including
nodes of Ranvier; rahn-vē-ā). In dissection,
a portion of the central canal
myelinated axons appear glossy white,
primarily because of the lipids within the
Ependymal cells form a simple cuboidal to myelin. As a result, regions dominated by
columnar epithelium known as the ependyma myelinated axons make up the white
(e-PEN-di-muh). The ependyma lines a matter of the CNS.
fluid-filled passageway within the spinal cord
and brain. The passageway narrows in the
spinal cord and is called the central canal. In the Not all axons in the CNS are myelinated.
brain, the passageway forms cavities called Unmyelinated axons may not be
ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills these completely covered by the processes of
internal spaces and also surrounds the brain neuroglia. Such axons are common where
and spinal cord. Ependymal cells assist in relatively short axons and collaterals form
producing, monitoring, and circulating CSF. synapses with densely packed neuron cell
There are three types of ependymal cells; bodies. Areas containing neuron cell bodies,
ependymocytes, tanycytes, and specialized dendrites, and unmyelinated axons are a
CSF-producing ependymal cells (discussed in Frequent Praducskyt griayc coelor, and they make up the
Chapter 13). gray matter of the CNS.
Ependymocytes have motile cilia that aid in
the circulation of CSF and also microvilli. Axon
Ependymocytes have long slender basal
processes that branch and make contact with Neuron cell bodies Myelinated
neuroglia. Tanycytes are specialized axons Three predictable places to stop and check understanding help students
non-ciliated ependymal cells with microvilli on Myelin
pace their learning throughout the chapter.
their apical surfaces. They are found in only one (cut) Nodes
brain ventricle. It is thought that they transport
substances between the CSF and the brain. Module 11.4 Review
Module Reviews
a. Identify the neuroglia of the central
appear at the end of every
nervous system.
module for frequent and
Microglia (mī-KRŌG-lē-uh) are embryologically
related to monocytes and macrophages. consistent self-assessment. b. Which glial cell protects the CNS from
Microglia migrate into the CNS as the nervous Gray matter White matter chemicals and hormones circulating in
the blood?
system forms and they persist as mobile cells,
continuously moving through the neural tissue, c. Which type of neuroglia would
removing cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens increase in the brain tissue of a person
by phagocytosis. with a CNS infection?
11.4 Describe the locations and functions of neuroglia in the CNS. Section 1: Cellular Organization of the Nervous System • 401
SECTION 1 Review
Section Reviews
Labeling
appear after groups of
Label each of the structures in the following diagram of a neuron.
related modules and include
“workbook-style” review 7
1
8
activities, such as labeling
2 9
and concept mapping.
3 10
4
5
11
6
12
Label the anatomical classes of neurons shown below.
13 14 15 16
Vocabulary
In the space provided, write the boldfaced terms introduced in this section that contain the indicated word part.
 neur- (nerve)  _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 dendr- (tree)  _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 ef- (away from)  _________________________________________________________________________________________________
 af- (toward)  _________________________________________________________________________________________________

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 6 11/12/13 4:35 AM
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW • neural tissue
NEW Chapter Reviews
include brand-new narrative Study
Study outline Outlines. Each Study Outline entry
begins with the module number
Section 1 • Cellular Organization of the Nervous System 11. epproednudcytimona la cnedll csi racrue laastisoonc.i aMteicdr owgitlhia c reermeborvoes pcienllaul lflaur id and title and then summarizes the
debris and pathogens. Astrocytes maintain the blood–
11.1 Tph. 3e9 n5ervous system has two divisions: the CNS and PNS 12. bosurlarigrionou bdnaedrnrsid earrx.oocnyst emsa hkeinlpg fuoprm w thhiete m myaetlitne sr.h Gearathy tmhaatt ter module content.
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain is unmyelinated neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and All-new Chapter Review Questions
and spinal cord. It is responsible for integrating, processing, unmyelinated cell axons.
and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. include comprehensive questions,
2. Tnheeu rpael triispshueer oaul tnseidrev othues CsyNsSt.em (PNS) includes all the 11.5 Sceclhlsw aarnen t hceel lnse aunrdo gsalitae ollfi tteh e such as labeling, true/false, and
3. iRennefvocierrmopntaomtirosen nd tfe.r toTehmcet rsceehcnaenspogtoreyrss di tnoi vt thisheieo i nCntN eoSrfn .tahle a PnNdS e bxtreinrgnsa l P13N. S Ss hcehpaw.t 4ha0 na2nro cuenllds mfoyremli naa mteyde lin multiple choice.
4. The motor division of the PNS carries motor commands peripheral axons. In the Chapter Integration section,
from the CNS to the effectors or target organs. 14. Sbaotdeiellsit ien cgealnlsg sliuar.r ound cell Schwann cells form one or two clinical scenarios are
11.2 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular 15. In the PNS, repair of nerves a sheath around
communication p. 396 may follow Wallerian peripheral axons. followed by critical thinking
5. Neurons have three general regions: dendrites that degeneration, a process
receive stimuli; a cell body that contains the nucleus and that often fails to restore full questions that help students tie
other organelles; and an axon that carries information to function.
other cells. important concepts together.
6. The telodendria of an axonC ehnda apt atxoenr t eRrmeinvailse. Awxo nQ uesSteciotinons 2 • Neurophysiology
terminals are part of the synapse where the neuron
communicates with another cell.
7. Axon terminals contain sLynaabpetliicn vgesicles containing 11.6 Neuronal activity depends on changes in membrane
neurotransmitters. potential p. 405
Label the structures in
the following diagram. 1 16. Membrane pot2ential is the unequal charge distribution
between the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma
membrane, where there is a slight negative charge inside
the plasma membrane with respect to the outside.
The cell body of a neuron 17. All neural activities begin with a change in the resting
contains most of its potential of the neuron. If localized changes in resting
organelles. potential called graded potentials are sufficient, they can
trigger an action potential.
18. An action potential at the axon terminal causes release
of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic cell and graded
8 potentials in the postsynaptic cell. This entire process is
called synaptic activity.
3
11.7 The resting potential is the membrane potential of an
undisturbed cell p. 406 4
19. Passive leak channels allow the movement of Na+ into 5
the cell, and K+ out of the cell.
11.3 Neurons are classified on the basis of s7tructure or function 20. Trehqeu sioridnigu mpr–opceostsa,s esijuecmts e 3x cNhaa+n fgoer epvuemryp 2, a Kn+ .active ATP-
p. 398 21. Potassium ion gradients force K+ out of the cell, and
8. The four major anatomical classes of neurons are sodium ion gradients drive Na+ into the cell
anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar. 22. The r6esulting membrane potential for a neuron is
9. Functionally, neurons are classified sensory neurons, approximately –70 mV.
interneurons, or motor nTreuuero/Fnas.lse
11.4 Oligodendrocytes, astrocytIneds,i ceaptee nwdhyemthaelr ceealclsh, satnatde ment is true 1o1r. 8false.Tthher epela tsympeas m oef mgabtreadn ceh anpn. 4e0ls8 change the permeability of
m10i.c rnoegulriao galriea noer ugrlioagl clieal los fs uthpep oCrSNto Sam nadpt pi.c r4 os0et0encsto nrye urerocenps.tors monitor interna2l3 o. r RWgeahsnetsinn. gd iCpstouhtrebanetpdia,l t iioesn sr t p_a Ie_bnr_lme_t _uee_an_bgt_iill_ ritt_hay_e ct_ ch_ieao_ln_l n_gis_e d_s•i _ sdA_tuu_er_pb _toep_d _gl._ ay_teind g what you have learned
 Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. channels within the p_l_a_s_m_a_ _m_e_m__b_r_a_n_e_.___________
 Microglia maintain the blood–brain barrier. Multiple sc _l_e_r_o__s_i_s_ _i_s_ _a _ C _ph_ar_po_te_rg_ 1_r1_ eR_es_v_ise_wi_v •e 4,2 3
 Schwann cells form the neurilemma. debilitatin g__,_ d__e__m__y__e_l_i_n_a__t_i_n_g__ _d_i_s__ease
 The resting membrane potential for a neuron is  ___________________________
near −70 mV. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, debilitating autoimmune
disease in which the body’s immune system attacks myelinated
portions of the central nervous system, leading to demyelination
Matching of affected axons. The disease is so named because scleroses—
Match each lettered term with the most closely related deaslcsroip ktnioonw.n as scars, plaques, or lesions—form in many
places within myelinated regions (white matter). The age
at onset is most commonly between 20 and 40 years. The
a. relative refractory period  Produces mcyaeulisne i no ft hthee C dNisSease is unknown, but may involve some _ __________________________
b. voltage-gated channel  Opens in rescpoomnbsien taoti pohny osfic eanl vdiirsotonrmtioenntal agents, genetic factors, ___________________________
c. oligodendrocyte and viral infections. Common signs and symptoms
 A time whenin ac lmudeem pbarratniael cloanss r oefs pvoisniodn o annlyd tpor aoblems with  ___________________________
d. chemically gated channel larger-than-normal stimulus
speech, balance, and general motor coordination,
e. mechanically gated channel  Opens or cloinscelsu idni nregs ploosns soef tboo cwhealn agneds uinrinary bladder  ___________________________
f. Schwann cell membrane cpoontetrnotli.a Thl e incidence among women is
g. absolute refractory period  Produces maybeolinu ti ntw thicee P tNhaSt of men. Individuals  ___________________________
h. astrocyte  Ato t fiumreth werh setnwrime aict uuhmlr aMertemioSnbn te rcxaypnceelre icsea noncfn edo eutt nreeprsirpoerodanitcditoanb,l e,  ___________________________
remission, and relapse. There is no
 Maintains thceu rbel ofoord –MbSra, ianl tbhaorurigehr drugs that  ___________________________
 Opens in resapltoenr steh eto s ennesuirtoivtirtayn osrm riettseprosnses  ___________________________
of the immune system can slow
the progression of the disease. Chapter 11 Review • 
1 Define demyelination.
2 Why would individuals with MS experience generalized motor
coordination dysfunction?
3 Which glial cells would be affected in MS?
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 7 11/12/13 4:35 AM
Chapter 11 Review • 427
Assignable Content
NEW Interactive and Adaptive Capabilities
• Adaptive Follow-up Assignments allow instructors to easily assign personalized content for
each individual student based on strengths and weaknesses identified by his or her performance on
MasteringA&P parent assignments.
• Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more
efficiently than ever before. The flashcard-style modules are available as a self-study tool or can be
assigned by the instructor. They can be easily accessed with smartphones.
• Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet) student
engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors
can assess students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding.
NEW A&P Flix™
Coaching Activities
bring interactivity to these popular 3D movie-
quality animations by asking students to
manipulate the visuals.
Video Tutor
Coaching Activities
instruct and coach students on key A&P
concepts from the book and are accompanied
by questions with video hints and feedback
specific to their misconceptions.
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 8 11/12/13 4:35 AM
NEW Tough Topic
Coaching Activities
are highly visual, assignable activities designed
to bring interactivity to select two-page
modules in the book. These multi-part activity
items include the ranking and sorting types
that ask students to manipulate the visuals.
Interactive Physiology®
Coaching Activities
help students dive deeper into complex
physiological processes using the Interactive
Physiology tutorial program.
Also Assignable in :
• Art-labeling Activities are drag and drop activities that • PAL 3.0 and assessments
allow students to assess their knowledge of terms and • PhysioEx™ 9.1 and assessments
structures. • Reading Quiz Questions
• Art-based Questions are conceptual questions related to • Chapter Test Questions
art and instruct students with wrong-answer feedback. • Test Bank Questions
• Chemistry Review Activities reinforce chemistry
concepts necessary for an understanding of A&P.
A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 9 11/12/13 4:35 AM