Table Of ContentVisible Light
Communication
Visible Light
Communication
Comprehensive Theory and
®
Applications with MATLAB
Suseela Vappangi
Vakamulla Venkata Mani
Mathini Sellathurai
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Dedication
TotheAlmightyLord,
LovingParentsandFamily
Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xiii
Authors...................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter1 INTRODUCTIONTOOWC-VLC.................................................1
1.1 CurrentState-of-the-Art..........................................................1
1.2 HistoryoftheOriginofOWC................................................2
1.2.1 AdvantagesandApplicationsofOWC......................5
1.3 FreeSpaceOpticalWirelessCommunication........................7
1.3.1 AdvantagesandApplicationsofFSOWC..................9
1.3.2 DrawbacksAssociatedwithFSO.............................11
1.4 EvolvingandIntroductiontoVisibleLight
Communication.....................................................................12
1.5 BasicArchitectureofVLCSystemModel...........................20
1.6 SignificantChallengingAspectsofVLC.............................25
1.7 IEEE802.15.7PhysicalLayerSummary.............................26
1.8 IEEE802.11LightCommunicationsAmendment-Task
Group“bb”...........................................................................29
1.9 ComparisonsbetweenRadioFrequency-basedWireless
CommunicationandOWC....................................................31
Chapter2 VLCCHANNELMODELS..........................................................35
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................35
2.1.1 ReviewonDifferentPropagationModes.................35
2.2 ReviewonPhotometry..........................................................37
2.2.1 LuminousFlux.........................................................38
2.2.2 LuminousIntensity..................................................41
2.2.3 Illuminance..............................................................41
2.2.4 LambertRadiator.....................................................42
2.3 IndoorVLCChannelModeling............................................42
2.3.1 VLC Channel Modeling for the Single Source
Scenario....................................................................43
2.3.2 ChannelModelsforMultipleSources.....................48
2.3.3 SignaltoNoiseRatioAnalysis................................48
2.3.4 OtherParametersAssociatedwithVLC..................50
2.3.5 Illustration of the Distribution of Power and
SNRinIndoorVLCSystem....................................51
vii
viii Contents
2.3.6 Review on Realistic Channel Model for VLC
Systems....................................................................56
2.4 ReviewonVLCChannelModels.........................................59
2.4.1 ReviewonIndoorVLCChannelCharacteristics
ModeledbyLeeetal................................................66
2.4.2 Review on Diffuse Indoor Optical Wireless
Channel Modeled in Accordance to Rajbhan-
darietal....................................................................69
2.4.3 Review on Indoor VLC Channel Model Pro-
posedbyDingDe-qiangetal...................................70
2.4.4 ReviewontheEffectofHigher-OrderLightRe-
flectionsonVLCChannelModeling.......................71
2.4.5 ReviewonIntegratedSphereModel........................74
2.5 Conclusion............................................................................75
Chapter3 MODULATIONFORMATSFORVLC.......................................77
3.1 BasebandModulationFormats.............................................78
3.1.1 ON-OFF-Keying(OOK)-basedVLCSystems........78
3.1.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)-based VLC
Systems....................................................................82
3.1.3 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)-based VLC
Systems....................................................................84
3.2 State-of-the-artMulticarrierModulationFormatsCom-
patibleforIM/DDSystems...................................................87
3.2.1 PerformanceAnalysisofEarliestUnipolarOp-
ticalOFDMVariants................................................88
3.2.2 OnthePerformanceofDifferentSuperposition
OpticalOFDMVariants.........................................112
3.2.3 Performance Analysis of Different Hybrid Op-
ticalOFDMVariants..............................................121
3.2.4 OtherMulticarrierModulationFormats................133
3.2.4.1 Complexityinvolvedinthecomputa-
tionofHermitiansymmetrycriteria......133
3.2.4.2 Performance analysis of DHT-based
opticalOFDMsystem............................136
3.2.4.3 Performance analysis of DCT/DST-
basedopticalOFDMsystem.................142
3.2.4.4 Performance analysis of Hadamard
CodedModulation(HCM)-basedop-
ticalOFDM............................................159
3.2.4.5 Waveletpacketdivisionmultiplexing
(WPDM)-basedVLCsystem................160
3.2.5 CarrierlessAmplitudeandPhaseModulation.......162
Contents ix
3.2.5.1 Principle aspects of realization of
CAP-VLCsystems................................162
3.2.5.2 MultibandCAP(m-CAP)-basedVLC
systems..................................................167
3.2.5.3 Relatedworkonm-CAP-VLCsystems 169
3.2.5.4 Challenging aspects and mitigation
techniquesassociatedwithCAP-VLC
systems..................................................177
3.2.5.5 Research aspects pertaining to CAP-
VLCSystems.........................................193
3.2.6 ColorShiftKeying.................................................194
3.3 Conclusion..........................................................................197
Chapter4 NON-LINEARITIESOFOPTICALSOURCES........................199
4.1 Non-linearityinOpticalSources........................................199
4.2 PAPRReductionTechniquesforIM/DDSystems.............201
4.3 PAPRAnalysisinDCT/DST-basedMulticarrierSystem...204
4.3.1 PerformanceAnalysisofDCT/DST-basedSpread-
ingTechniquesforPAPRReduction.....................204
4.3.2 Exploitation of PTS Technique in DCT/DST-
basedOpticalOFDM.............................................208
4.3.3 ClippingandFiltering............................................212
4.3.4 Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction
Techniques in a DCT/DST-based Multicarrier
System....................................................................213
4.4 PAPRAnalysisinMultipleAccessSchemesforVLC.......218
4.4.1 DST-basedMultipleAccessSchemes....................220
4.4.2 FastOpticalIFDMAandFastOpticalLFDMA....223
4.4.3 Optical Interleaved Frequency Division Multi-
pleAccess..............................................................225
4.4.4 OpticalLocalizedFrequencyDivisionMultiple
Access....................................................................228
4.4.5 PerformanceAnalysisofDCT/DST-basedMul-
tipleAccessSchemesCompatiblewithIM/DD
SystemsforVLC....................................................229
4.5 Conclusion..........................................................................239
Chapter5 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND VLC FOR SMART
CITIES.........................................................................................241
5.1 Motivation...........................................................................241
5.2 ReviewonConventionalandEmergingRF-basedMul-
tipleAccessSchemes..........................................................243
5.3 MultipleAccessSchemesforVLC....................................244
5.3.1 DesignAspectsofVLCSystems...........................245
