Visible-Light-Active Photocatalysis: Nanostructured Catalyst Design, Mechanisms, and Applications

608 Pages·2018·23.96 MB·English

by  Srabanti Ghosh

Visible-Light-ActivePhotocatalysis:
NanostructuredCatalystDesign,
Mechanisms,andApplications
Visible-Light-Active Photocatalysis:
Nanostructured Catalyst Design,
Mechanisms, and Applications
EditedbySrabantiGhosh
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vii
Contents
Preface xvii
PartI Visible-LightActivePhotocatalysis–Researchand
TechnologicalAdvancements 1
1 ResearchFrontiersinSolarLightHarvesting 3
SrabantiGhosh
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Visible-Light-DrivenPhotocatalysisforEnvironmentalProtection 4
1.3 PhotocatalysisforWaterSplitting 8
1.4 PhotocatalysisforOrganicTransformations 11
1.5 MechanisticStudiesofVisible-Light-ActivePhotocatalysis 13
1.6 Summary 14
References 15
2 RecentAdvancesonPhotocatalysisforWaterDetoxification
andCO Reduction 27
2
CarlottaRaviolaandStefanoProtti
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 PhotocatalystsforEnvironmentalRemediationandCO
2
Reduction 30
2.2.1 UndopedTiO 30
2
2.2.2 UndopedMetalOxidesDifferentfromTiO 32
2
2.2.3 CarbonModifiedMetalOxidesasPhotocatalysts 33
2.2.4 DopedMetalOxides 34
2.2.5 Perovskites 35
2.2.6 MetalChalcogenides 36
2.2.7 OtherCatalysts 37
2.3 PhotoreactorsforSolarDegradationofOrganicPollutantsandCO
2
Reduction 38
2.3.1 NonConcentrating(LowConcentrationorLowTemperature)
Systems 39
2.3.2 MediumConcentratingorMediumTemperatureSystems 40
viii Contents
2.3.3 HighConcentratingorHigh-TemperatureSystems 42
2.3.4 ParametersofaSolarReactor 43
2.4 Conclusion 44
Acknowledgment 44
References 45
3 FundamentalsofPhotocatalyticWaterSplitting(Hydrogenand
OxygenEvolution) 53
SanjibShyamal,ParamitaHajra,HarahariMandal,AparajitaBera,
DebasisSariket,andChinmoyBhattacharya
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 StrategyforDevelopmentofPhotocatalystSystemsforWater
Splitting 54
3.3 ElectrochemistryofSemiconductorsattheElectrolyteInterface 56
3.4 EffectofLightattheSemiconductor–ElectrolyteInterface 58
3.5 ConversionandStorageofSunlight 62
3.6 ElectrolysisandPhotoelectrolysis 63
3.7 DevelopmentofPhotocatalystsforSolar-DrivenWaterSplitting 65
3.8 ApproachestoDevelopVisible-Light-AbsorbingMetalOxides 66
3.9 Conclusions 68
References 68
4 PhotoredoxCatalyticActivationofCarbon—HalogenBonds:
C—HFunctionalizationReactionsunderVisibleLight 75
JavierI.BardagiandIndrajitGhosh
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 ActivationofAlkylHalides 77
4.3 ActivationofArylHalides 91
4.4 FactorsThatDeterminetheCarbon–HalogenBondActivationofAryl
Halides 108
4.5 FactorsThatDeterminetheYieldsoftheC—HArylated
Products 109
4.6 AchievementsandChallengesAhead 109
4.7 Conclusion 110
References 110
PartII DesignandDevelopmentsofVisibleLightActive
Photocatalysis 115
5 BlackTiO :TheNew-GenerationPhotocatalyst 117
2
SanjayGopalUllattil,SoumyaB.Narendranath,andPradeepanPeriyat
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 DesigningBlackTiO Nanostructures 118
2
5.3 BlackTiO asPhotocatalyst 122
2
5.4 Conclusions 123
References 123
Contents ix
6 EffectofModificationofTiO withMetalNanoparticlesonIts
2
PhotocatalyticPropertiesStudiedbyTime-Resolved
MicrowaveConductivity 129
HyndRemita,MaríaGuadalupeMéndezMedrano,andChristophe
Colbeau-Justin
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 DepositionofMetalNanoparticlesbyRadiolysisandby
PhotodepositionMethod 130
6.3 ElectronicPropertiesStudiedTime-ResolvedMicrowave
Conductivity 132
6.3.1 SurfaceModificationofTitaniawithMonometallic
Nanoparticles 133
6.3.1.1 SurfaceModificationofTitaniawithPtClusters 133
6.3.1.2 SurfaceModificationofTiO withPdNanoparticles 135
2
6.3.1.3 ModificationofTiO withAgNanoparticles 136
2
6.4 ModificationofTiO withAuNanoparticles 138
2
6.5 ModificationofTiO withBiClusters 144
2
6.6 SurfaceModificationofTiO withBimetallicNanoparticles 146
2
6.6.1 SurfaceModificationwithAu–CuNanoparticles 146
6.6.2 SurfaceModificationwithAgandCuONanoparticles 148
6.6.3 ComodificationofTiO withNiandAuNanoparticlesforHydrogen
2
Production 150
6.6.4 TiO ModifiedwithNiPdNanoalloysforHydrogenEvolution 153
2
6.7 TheEffectofMetalClusterDepositionRouteonStructureand
PhotocatalyticActivityofMono-andBimetallicNanoparticles
SupportedonTiO 155
2
6.8 Summary 156
References 157
7 GlassyPhotocatalysts:NewTrendinSolarPhotocatalysis 165
BharatB.Kale,ManjiriA.Mahadadalkar,andAshwiniP.Bhirud
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 FundamentalsofH SSplitting 166
2
7.2.1 General 166
7.2.2 ThermodynamicsofH SSplitting 166
2
7.2.3 RoleofPhotocatalysts 167
7.3 DesigningtheAssemblyforH SSplitting 168
2
7.3.1 StandardizationofH SSplittingSetup 168
2
7.3.2 InteractionofPhotocatalystandReagentSystem 169
7.4 ChalcogenidePhotocatalysts 170
7.5 LimitationsofPowderPhotocatalysts 170
7.6 GlassyPhotocatalyst:InnovativeApproach 171
7.6.1 Semiconductor–GlassNanocompositesandTheirAdvantages 171
7.7 GeneralMethodsforGlassesPreparation 172
7.7.1 GlassbyMelt-QuenchTechnique 172
7.8 ColoroftheGlass–BandgapEngineeringbyGrowthof
SemiconductorsinGlass 174
x Contents
7.9 CdS–GlassNanocomposite 174
7.10 Bi S –GlassNanocomposite 178
2 3
7.11 Ag PO –GlassNanocomposite 179
3 4
7.12 Summary 183
Acknowledgments 184
References 184
8 RecentDevelopmentsinHeterostructure-BasedCatalystsfor
WaterSplitting 191
J.A.SavioMoniz
8.1 Introduction 191
8.1.1 BandAlignment 193
8.2 Visible-Light-ResponsiveJunctions 195
8.2.1 BiVO -BasedJunctions 195
4
8.2.1.1 BiVO /WO 197
4 3
8.2.1.2 BiVO /ZnO 197
4
8.2.1.3 BiVO /TiO 199
4 2
8.2.1.4 BiVO /Carbon-BasedMaterials 199
4
8.2.2 Fe O -BasedJunctions 199
2 3
8.2.3 WO -BasedJunctions 201
3
8.2.4 C N -BasedJunctions 202
3 4
8.2.5 Cu O-BasedJunctions 204
2
8.3 Visible-Light-DrivenPhotocatalyst/OECJunctions 207
8.3.1 BiVO /OEC 207
4
8.3.2 Fe O /OEC 207
2 3
8.3.3 WO /OEC 208
3
8.4 ObservationofChargeCarrierKineticsinHeterojunction
Structure 209
8.4.1 TransientAbsorptionSpectroscopy 209
8.4.2 ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy 211
8.4.3 SurfacePhotovoltageSpectroscopy 213
8.5 Conclusions 215
References 216
9 ConductingPolymersNanostructuresforSolar-Light
Harvesting 227
SrabantiGhosh,HyndRemita,andRajendraN.Basu
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 ConductingPolymersasOrganicSemiconductor 228
9.3 ConductingPolymer-BasedNanostructuredMaterials 231
9.4 SynthesisofConductingPolymerNanostructures 231
9.4.1 HardTemplates 232
9.4.2 SoftTemplates 232
9.4.3 TemplateFree 233
9.5 ApplicationsofConductingPolymer 233
9.5.1 ConductingPolymerNanostructuresforOrganicPollutant
Degradation 233
Contents xi
9.5.2 ConductingPolymerNanostructuresforPhotocatalyticWater
Splitting 237
9.5.3 ConductingPolymer-BasedHeterostructures 242
9.6 Conclusion 245
References 246
PartIII VisibleLightActivePhotocatalysisforSolarEnergy
ConversionandEnvironmentalProtection 253
10 SensitizationofTiO byDyes:AWaytoExtendtheRangeof
2
PhotocatalyticActivityofTiO totheVisibleRegion 255
2
MartaI.Litter,EnriqueSanRomán,thelateMaríaA.Grela,JorgeM.Meichtry,
andHernánB.Rodríguez
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 MechanismsInvolvedintheUseofDye-ModifiedTiO Materialsfor
2
TransformationofPollutantsandHydrogenProductionunderVisible
Irradiation 256
10.3 UseofDye-ModifiedTiO MaterialsforEnergyConversionin
2
Dye-SensitizedSolarCells 260
10.4 Self-SensitizedDegradationofDyePollutants 262
10.5 UseofDye-ModifiedTiO forVisible-Light-AssistedDegradationof
2
ColorlessPollutants 265
10.6 WaterSplittingandHydrogenProductionusingDye-ModifiedTiO
2
PhotocatalystsunderVisibleLight 269
10.7 Conclusions 270
Acknowledgement 271
References 271
11 AdvancesintheDevelopmentofNovelPhotocatalystsfor
Detoxification 283
CiaraByrne,MichaelNolan,SwagataBanerjee,HoneyJohn,SheethuJose,
PradeepanPeriyat,andSureshC.Pillai
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 TheoreticalStudiesofPhotocatalysis 285
11.2.1 DopingandSurfaceModificationofTiO forBandgap
2
Engineering 285
11.2.2 AlignmentofValenceandConductionBandEdgeswithWater
OxidationandReductionPotentials 291
11.2.3 ElectronandHoleLocalization 293
11.3 Metal-DopedPhotocatalystsforDetoxification 296
11.3.1 High-TemperatureStableAnataseTiO Photocatalyst 296
2
11.3.2 MainGroupMetalIonsonAnataseStabilityandPhotocatalytic
Activity 296
11.3.3 EffectofTransitionMetalsonAnataseStabilityandPhotocatalytic
Activity 296