Table Of ContentVISCOELASTICITY –
FROM THEORY TO
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Edited by Juan de Vicente
Viscoelasticity – From Theory to Biological Applications
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3188
Edited by Juan de Vicente
Contributors
L. A. Dávalos-Orozco, Takahiro Tsukahara, Yasuo Kawaguchi, B.N. Narahari Achar, John W.
Hanneken, Kejian Wang, Naoki Sasaki, Supriya Bhat, Dong Jun, Biplab C. Paul, Tanya E. S
Dahms, Tetsuya Nemoto, Ryo Kubota, Yusuke Murasawa, Zenzo Isogai, Jun Xi, Lynn S. Penn,
Ning Xi, Jennifer Y. Chen, Ruiguo Yang, Tomoki Kitawaki, Ioanna G. Mandala, Luis Carlos
Platt-Lucero, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia Isabel Torres-Chávez, Ignacio Morales-Rosas,
Elisa Magaña-Barajas, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong, Patricia I. Torres-Chávez, I. Morales-Rosas,
Youhong Tang, Ping Gao, Takaya Kobayashi, Masami Sato, Yasuko Mihara, B.S. K. K. Ibrahim,
M.S. Huq, M.O. Tokhi, S.C. Gharooni, Hayssam El Ghoche
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First published November, 2012
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Viscoelasticity – From Theory to Biological Applications, Edited by Juan de Vicente
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0841-2
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Theory and Simulations 1
Chapter 1 Viscoelastic Natural Convection 3
L. A. Dávalos-Orozco
Chapter 2 Turbulent Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid
Through Complicated Geometry 33
Takahiro Tsukahara and Yasuo Kawaguchi
Chapter 3 Microscopic Formulation of
Fractional Theory of Viscoelasticity 59
B.N. Narahari Achar and John W. Hanneken
Chapter 4 Die Swell of Complex Polymeric Systems 77
Kejian Wang
Section 2 Biological Materials 97
Chapter 5 Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials 99
Naoki Sasaki
Chapter 6 Viscoelasticity in Biological Systems:
A Special Focus on Microbes 123
Supriya Bhat, Dong Jun, Biplab C. Paul and Tanya E. S Dahms
Chapter 7 Viscoelastic Properties of the Human Dermis
and Other Connective Tissues and Its Relevance to Tissue
Aging and Aging–Related Disease 157
Tetsuya Nemoto, Ryo Kubota, Yusuke Murasawa and Zenzo Isogai
Chapter 8 Dynamic Mechanical Response of
Epithelial Cells to Epidermal Growth Factor 171
Jun Xi, Lynn S. Penn, Ning Xi, Jennifer Y. Chen and Ruiguo Yang
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Numerical Simulation Model with
Viscoelasticity of Arterial Wall 187
Tomoki Kitawaki
Section 3 Food Colloids 215
Chapter 10 Viscoelastic Properties of Starch and Non-Starch Thickeners
in Simple Mixtures or Model Food 217
Ioanna G. Mandala
Chapter 11 Viscoelastic and Textural Characteristics of Masa and Tortilla
from Extruded Corn Flours with Xanthan Gum 237
Luis Carlos Platt-Lucero, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong,
Patricia Isabel Torres-Chávez and Ignacio Morales-Rosas
Chapter 12 Use of the Stress-Relaxation and Dynamic
Tests to Evaluate the Viscoelastic Properties
of Dough from Soft Wheat Cultivars 259
Elisa Magaña-Barajas, Benjamín Ramírez-Wong,
Patricia I. Torres-Chávez and I. Morales-Rosas
Section 4 Other Applications 273
Chapter 13 Micro-Rheological Study on Fully Exfoliated
Organoclay Modified Thermotropic Liquid
Crystalline Polymer and Its Viscosity Reduction
Effect on High Molecular Mass Polyethylene 275
Youhong Tang and Ping Gao
Chapter 14 Application of Thermo-Viscoelastic Laminated Plate Theory
to Predict Warpage of Printed Circuit Boards 303
Takaya Kobayashi, Masami Sato and Yasuko Mihara
Chapter 15 An Approach for Dynamic Characterisation of Passive
Viscoelasticity and Estimation of Anthropometric Inertia
Parameters of Paraplegic’s Knee Joint 321
B.S. K. K. Ibrahim, M.S. Huq, M.O. Tokhi and S.C. Gharooni
Chapter 16 Non Linear Viscoelastic Model Applied on Compressed
Plastic Films for Light-Weight Embankment 337
Hayssam El Ghoche
Preface
The word "viscoelastic" means the simultaneous existence of viscous and elastic
responses of a material. Hence, neither Newton's law (for linear viscous fluids) nor
Hooke's law (for pure elastic solids) suffice to explain the mechanical behavior of
viscoelastic materials. Strictly speaking all materials are viscoelastic and their
particular response depends on the Deborah number, that is to say the ratio between
the natural time of the material (relaxation time) and the time scale of the experiment
(essay time). Thus, for a given material, if the experiment is slow, the material will
appear to be viscous, whereas if the experiment is fast it will appear to be elastic.
Many materials exhibit a viscolastic behavior at the observation times and the area is
relevant in many fields of study from industrial to technological applications such as
concrete technology, geology, polymers and composites, plastics processing, paint
flow, hemorheology, cosmetics, adhesives, etc.
In this book, 16 chapters on various viscoelasticity related aspects are compiled. A
number of current research projects are outlined as the book is intended to give the
readers a wide picture of current research in viscoelasticity balancing between
fundamentals and applied knowledge. For this purpose, the chapters are written by
experts from the Industry and Academia.
The first part of the book is dedicated to theory and simulation. The first chapter, by
Dávalos-Orozco is a review of the theory of linear and nonlinear natural convection of
fluid layers between two horizontal walls under an imposed vertical temperature
gradient. Chapter 2 by Tsukahara and Kawaguchi deals with the turbulent flow of
viscoelastic fluids through complicated geometries such as orifice flows. Next, in
chapter 3, Narahari and Hanneken describe a microscopic formulation of fractional
theory of viscoelasticity. Finally, in chapter 4, Kejian revisits the die swell problem of
viscoelastic polymeric systems.
The second part of the book covers important aspects of viscoelasticity in biological
systems. The first chapter by Sasaki highlights the importance of viscoelasticity in the
mechanical properties of biological materials. Next, Dahms and coworkers summarize
the current techniques used to probe viscoelasticity with special emphasis on the
application of Atomic Force Microscopy to microbial cell mechanics. In chapters 7 and
8 Zenzo and Xi and coworkers focus on the viscoelastic properties of human dermis
X Preface
and epithelial cells. Last chapter in this section cover aspects related to the blood flow,
where Kitawaki proposes a numerical model for the viscoelasticity of arterial walls.
The third part of the book is devoted to the study of the viscoelastic properties of food
colloids. Chapter 10 is an attempt to clarify the relationship between the viscoelastic
properties of starches, and their mixtures, and texture in real foods. In chapter 11
Ramirez-Wong and coworkers determine the effect of xantham gum on viscoelastic
and textural characteristics of masa and tortilla from extruded nixtamalized corn flour.
Finally, in chapter 12, stress-relaxation and dynamic tests are performed to evaluate
the viscoelastic properties of dough from soft wheat cultivars.
The last part of the book deals with other miscellaneous applications. Tang and Gao
perform a micro-rheological study of fully exfoliated organoclay modified
thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCP). Chapter 14 is an attempt to estimate
the thermal deformation in laminated printed circuit boards by the application of a
layered plate theory that includes energy transport. In the next chapter, chapter 15,
Ibrahim and coworkers describe an approach for the dynamic characterization of
passive viscoelasticity of a paraplegic's knee joint. This last section finishes with
chapter 16, by Hayssam, and describes a nonlinear viscoelastic model to be applied on
compressed plastic films for light-weight embankment.
The format of this book is chosen to enable fast dissemination of new research, and to
give easy access to readers. The chapters can be read individually.
I would like to express my gratitude to all the contributing authors that have made a
reality this book. I wish to thank also InTech staff and their team members for the
opportunity to publish this work, in particular, Ana Pantar, Dimitri Jelovcan, Romana
Vukelic and Marina Jozipovic for their support which has made my job as editor an
easy and satisfying one.
Finally, I gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Ministerio de Ciencia e
Innovación (MICINN MAT 2010-15101 project, Spain), by the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF), and by the projects P10-RNM-6630 and P11-FQM-7074
from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).
Juan de Vicente
University of Granada
Spain
