Table Of Content
APPLIED
VI ROLOGY RESEARCH
Volume 2
Virus Variability, Epidemiology,
and Control
APPLIED VIROLOGY RESEARCH
Editor-in-Chief: Edouard Kurstak, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Series Editors: R. C. Marusyk, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
F. A. Murphy, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
M. H. V. Van Regenmortel, Institute of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, Strasbourg, France
Volume 1 NEW VACCINES AND CHEMOTHERAPY
Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk,
F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel
Volume 2 VIRUS VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND CONTROL
Edited by Edouard Kurstak, R. G. Marusyk,
F. A. Murphy, and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each
new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further in
formation please contact the publisher.
APPLIED
VI ROLOGY RESEARCH
Volume 2
Virus Variability, Epidemiology,
and Control
Edited by
Edouard Ku rstak
University of Montreal
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
R. C. Marusyk
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
F. A. Murphy
Centers for Disease Control
Atlanta, Georgia
and
M. H. V. Van Regenmortel
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology
Strasbourg, France
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
LIbrary of Congress CatalogIng-In-Publication Data
VIrus variability, epIdemiology; and control 1 edIted by Edouard
Kurstak '" [et al.].
p. CN. -- (Appl led virology research; v. 2)
Includes bIblIographical references.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-9273-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-9271-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9271-3
1. Vlruses--Variation. 2. Viral genetics. 3. VIrus dlseases
-EpIdemiology. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Series.
[ONLM: 1. Virus Diseases--epidemiology. 2. Virus Diseases
-prevention & control. 3. Vlruses--genetics. W1 AP51SR v. 2 1 WC
500 V8225]
QR392.V57 1990
S1S'.0194--dc20
DNLM/DLC
for LIbrary of Congress 90-7440
CIP
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
D. J. Alexander • Poultry Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, New Haw,
Surrey KTl5 3NB, England
A. AI-Tuwaijri • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 317 Canada
M. E. Andrew • CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220,
Australia
A. R. Bellamy • Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
C. C. Bergmann • Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
C. W Both • CSIRO Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, North
Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
D. B. Boyle • CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
Lynn C. Bruce • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ, England
Susan Carpenter • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories,
Hamilton, Montana 59840; present address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive
Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
Mary E. Chamberland • Division of HIV / AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta,
Georgia 30333
Bruce Chesebro • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories,
Hamilton, Montana 59840
May C. Chu • Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers
for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80522
). M. Coffin • Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Nancy J. COX • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
James W Curran • Division of HIV / AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease
Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
30333
Julian I. Delic • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 01Q, England
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Esteban Domingo • Centro de Biologfa Molecular, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Canto
Blanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
Joaqufn Dopazo • Laboratorio de Gent!tica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valen
cia, Spain
Stephen M. Eley • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ,
England
Leonard H. Evans • Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories,
Hamilton, Montana 59840
George E. Fox • University of Houston, Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences,
Houston, Texas 77004
Matthew A. Gonda • Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, Program Resources, Inc.,
NCI-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland 21701
Maurice W. Harmon • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Robert M. Henstridge • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ,
England
A. Hossain • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
David L. Huso • Division of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Alan P. Kendal • Influenza Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Olen M. Kew • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease
Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Srisakul C. Kliks • University of California, School of Public Health, Department of Biomedical
and Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, California 94705
C. Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
E. Kurstak • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada
Charles L. Manske • University of Houston, Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sci
ences, Houston, Texas 77004
Miguel A. Martfnez • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Agrarias, 28012 Madrid, Spain
Mauricio G. Mateu • Centro de Biologfa Molecular, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Canto
Blanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
Thomas P. Monath • SGRD-UlV, Virology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Derrick, Frederick,
Maryland 21701-5011.
Norman F. Moore • Chemical Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJQ,
England
CONTRIBUTORS vii
Andres Moya • Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia,
Spain
Brian Murphy • Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892
Opendra Narayan • Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Neurology, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Baldev K. Nottay • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Peter Palese • Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New
York 10029
Mark A. Pallansch • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Rebecca Rico-Hesse • Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; present address: Department of Epidemiology and Public
Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
P. H. Russell • Department of Veterinary Pathology, The Royal Veterinary College, London
NW I OTU, England
A. C. R. Samson • Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England
M. Sevoian • Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
Francisco Sobrino • Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Agrarias, 28012 Madrid, Spain
S. C. Stirzaker • CSIRO Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, North
Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
John Treanor • Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, University of Rochester,
Rochester, New York 14642
Dennis W Trent • Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser
vices, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522
David Arthur John Tyrrell • Medical Research Council Common Cold Unit, Harvard Hospital,
Salisbury, Wilts SP2 8BW, England
Guido van der Groen • Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
Kathleen van Wyke Coelingh • Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; present address: Protein Design Labs, Inc., Palo Alto,
California 94304
Makoto Yamashita • Bioscience Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa-Ku,
Tokyo, Japan
Preface to the Series
Viral diseases contribute significantly to human morbidity and mortality and cause severe economic
losses by affecting livestock and crops in all countries. Even with the preventive measures takcn in
the United States, losses caused by viral diseases annually exceed billions of dollars. Five million
people worldwide die every year from acute gastroenteritis, mainly of rotavirus origin, and more
than one million children die annually from measles. In addition, rabies and viral hepatitis continuc
to be diseases of major public health concern in many countries of the Third World, whcre morc than
200 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The recent discovery of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus, mobilized health services and
enormous resources. This virus infection and its epidemic development clearly demonstrate the
importance of applied virology research and the limits of our understanding of molecular mecha
nisms of viral pathogenicity and immunogenicity.
The limitations of our knowledge and understanding of viral diseases extend to the production
of safe and reliable vaccines, particularly for genetically unstable viruses, and to antiviral chemo
therapy. The number of antiviral drugs currently available is still rather limited, despite extensive
research efforts. The main problem is finding compounds that selectively inhibit virus replication
without producing toxic effects on cells. Indeed, the experimental efficacy of several drugs, for
example, new nucleoside derivatives, some of which are analogues of acyclovir, makcs it clcar that
antiviral chemotherapy must come of age because many new compounds show promise as antiviral
agents. In the field of antiviral vaccine production, molecular biologists are using a wide variety of
new techniques and tools, such as genetic engineering technology, to refine our understanding of
molecular pathogenicity of viruses and of genetic sequences responsible for virulence. Identification
of genes that induce virulence is vital to the construction of improved antiviral vaccincs.
Novel types of vaccines are presently receiving particular attention. For example, the protein
that carries the protective epitopes of hepatitis B virus, which is produced by expressing the
appropriate viral gene in yeast or in mammalian cell systems, is now available.
Another group of new vaccines are produced by using vaccinia virus as a vector for the
expression of genes of several viruses. Vaccines for rabies, influenza, respiratory syncytial disease,
hepatitis B, herpes infection, and AIDS, which are based on greatly enhanced expression of the viral
genes in vaccinia virus, are being tested. Also of interest is baculovirus, an insect cell vector system
now used in the development of recombinant DNA vaccines for a variety of important human and
animal virus diseases. This system yields very large quantities of properly processed and folded
proteins from the rabies, hepatitis B, AIDS, and Epstein-Barr viruses.
The synthetic peptides, which act as specific immunogens, have also received attention as new
antiviral vaccines. The recent experimental performance of new synthetic peptides of foot-and
mouth disease virus, as well as peptide-based vaccines for poliovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis B, and
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, gives strong support for this group of specific immunogens.
However, testing of these synthetic peptide vaccines is in the early stages and future research will
have to answer several questions about their safety, efficacy, and immune responses.
Current attempts at developing synthetic vaccines are based either on recombinant DNA
technology or on chemical-peptide synthesis. Several virus proteins have been produced in bacte
rial, yeast, or animal cells through the use of recombinant DNA technology, while live vaccines
ix
x PREFACE TO THE SERIES
have been produced by introducing relevant genes into the genome of vaccinia virus. By using solid
phase peptide synthesis, it has been possible to obtain peptides that mimic the antigenic determi
nants of viral proteins, that elicit a protective immunity against several viruses. Both the chemical
and the recombinant approaches have led to the development of experimental vaccines. It should
become clear within a few years which approach will lead to vaccines superior to the ones in use
today.
The recent development of monoclonal antibody production techniques and enzyme immu
noassays permits their application in virology research, diagnosis of viral diseases, and vaccine
assessment and standardization. These techniques are useful at different stages in the development
of vaccines, mainly in the antigenic characterization of infectious agents with monoclonal anti
bodies, in assessment schemes in research and clinical assays, and in production.
This new series, entitled Applied Virology Research, is intended to promote the publication of
overviews on new virology research data, which will include within their scope such subjects as
vaccine production, antiviral chemotherapy, diagnosis kits, reagent production, and instrumentation
for automation interfaced with computers for rapid and accurate data processing.
We sincerely hope that Applied Virology Research will serve a large audience of virologists,
immunologists, geneticists, biochemists, chemists, and molecular biologists, as well as specialists
of vaccine production and experts of health services involved in the control and treatment of viral
diseases of plants, animals, and man. This series will also be of interest to all diagnostic laborato
ries, specialists, and physicians dealing with infectious diseases.
Edouard Kurstak
Montreal, Canada
