Table Of ContentVirus-Like Particles
Virus-Like Particles
A Comprehensive Guide
Paul Pumpens, Dr. habil. biol.
Professor of Molecular Biology
University of Latvia
Riga, Latvia
Peter Pushko, PhD
President and Chief Scientific Officer
Medigen, Inc.
Frederick, Maryland, USA
with cartoons of viruses
by
Philippe Le Mercier, PhD
Team Leader, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Geneve, Switzerland
The cover image is generated by Chimera software (Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE.
UCSF Chimera - a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem. 2004;25:1605 -1612) and demonstrates 3D
reconstruction of the chimeric hepatitis B virus core particles carrying a model foreign epitope inserted at the major immunodominant region.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Pumpens, Paul, author. | Pushko, Peter, author.
Title: Virus-like particles : a comprehensive guide / Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. | Summary: “This book represents
the first complete and systematic guide to the virus-like particles (VLPs) and their applications as vaccines, therapeutic tools, nanomaterials,
and nanodevices. The grouping of the VLPs follows the most recent virus taxonomy and the traditional Baltimore classification of viruses,
which are based on the genome structure and mechanism of mRNA synthesis. Within each of the seven Baltimore classes, the order taxon
serves as a framework of the chapter’s arrangement. The term “VLP” is used as a universal designation for the virus–, core–, or capsid-like
structures, which became an important part of the modern molecular virology. The 3D structures, expression systems, and nanotechnological
applications are described for VLPs in the context of the original viruses and uncover their evolving potential as novel vaccines and medical
interventions”— Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021051808 (print) | LCCN 2021051809 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367476779 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032246734 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003279716 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Viral Structural Proteins—classification | Viral Structural Proteins—therapeutic use | Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
Classification: LCC QR189 (print) | LCC QR189 (ebook) | NLM QW 15 | DDC 615.3/72—dc23/eng/20220204
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051808
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051809
ISBN: 978-0-367-47677-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-24673-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-27971-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/b22819
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Access References online in Support Materials: www.routledge.com/9780367476779
What changes, endures
Rainis, The Golden Horse
Contents
Preface.................................................................................................................................................................................xxi
Authors ...............................................................................................................................................................................xxv
Prologue .................................................................................................................................................................................1
The Concept of VLPs .......................................................................................................................................1
Chimeric VLPs .................................................................................................................................................1
Protein Engineering of VLPs ............................................................................................................................3
First VLP Platforms ..........................................................................................................................................6
Linkage to Viral Taxonomy ..............................................................................................................................7
SECTION 1 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses
Chapter 1 Order Caudovirales .........................................................................................................................................13
Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................13
Family Autographiviridae ..............................................................................................................................14
Subfamily Studiervirinae ...........................................................................................................................14
Genus Teseptimavirus: Phage T7 ..........................................................................................................14
Family Drexlerviridae ....................................................................................................................................16
Genus Vilniusvirus: Phage NBD2 ..............................................................................................................16
Family Myoviridae .........................................................................................................................................16
Subfamily Peduovirinae ............................................................................................................................16
Genus Peduovirus: Phages P2 and P4 ...................................................................................................16
Subfamily Tevenvirinae .............................................................................................................................16
Genus Tequatrovirus: Phage T4 ............................................................................................................16
Family Podoviridae ........................................................................................................................................20
Genus Lederbergvirus: Phage P22 ............................................................................................................20
Genus Rauchvirus: Phage BPP1 ................................................................................................................22
Family Siphoviridae .......................................................................................................................................22
Genus Byrnievirus: Phage HK97 ...............................................................................................................22
Genus Lambdavirus: Phage Lambda .........................................................................................................24
Chapter 2 Order Herpesvirales .......................................................................................................................................25
Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................25
Family Herpesviridae .....................................................................................................................................25
Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae ..................................................................................................................25
Genus Simplexvirus: Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 .........................................................................25
Genus Varicellovirus .............................................................................................................................28
Bovine Herpesvirus ..........................................................................................................................28
Equid Herpesvirus ............................................................................................................................29
Pseudorabies Virus ...........................................................................................................................29
Varicella Zoster Virus .......................................................................................................................29
Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae ....................................................................................................................29
Genus Cytomegalovirus: Human Cytomegalovirus .............................................................................29
Genus Muromegalovirus: Murine Cytomegalovirus ............................................................................30
Genus Roseolovirus: Human Herpesvirus 6B ......................................................................................30
Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae ...............................................................................................................30
Genus Lymphocryptovirus: Epstein-Barr Virus ....................................................................................30
Genus Rhadinovirus: Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ..........................................................31
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Order Asfuvirales ............................................................................................................................................33
Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................33
3D Structure ...................................................................................................................................................33
Expression ......................................................................................................................................................35
Chimeric Virions ............................................................................................................................................36
Chapter 4 Order Rowavirales ...........................................................................................................................................37
Essentials and Genome ...................................................................................................................................37
3D Structure ...................................................................................................................................................37
Virions .......................................................................................................................................................37
Dodecahedrons ..........................................................................................................................................38
Chimeric Virions ............................................................................................................................................40
Replacements .............................................................................................................................................40
Hexon Modifications .................................................................................................................................40
Fiber Modifications ...................................................................................................................................42
Penton Base Modifications ........................................................................................................................42
Protein IX Modifications ...........................................................................................................................42
Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................43
Packaging and Drug Delivery ....................................................................................................................44
Chimeric Dodecahedrons ...............................................................................................................................44
Vaccines .....................................................................................................................................................44
Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................45
Packaging and Drug Delivery ....................................................................................................................45
Chemical Coupling .........................................................................................................................................46
Chapter 5 Other Double-Stranded DNA Viruses ............................................................................................................47
Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................47
Realm Adnaviria ............................................................................................................................................47
Essentials ...................................................................................................................................................47
Order Ligamenvirales ................................................................................................................................47
Order Primavirales ....................................................................................................................................49
Realm Varidnaviria ........................................................................................................................................50
Class Megaviricetes ...................................................................................................................................50
Essentials ..............................................................................................................................................50
Order Algavirales ..................................................................................................................................50
Order Imitervirales ...............................................................................................................................50
Order Pimascovirales ...........................................................................................................................52
Class Pokkesviricetes .................................................................................................................................53
Order Chitovirales ................................................................................................................................53
Class Maveriviricetes ................................................................................................................................55
Order Priklausovirales ..........................................................................................................................55
Class Polintoviricetes.................................................................................................................................56
Order Orthopolintovirales ....................................................................................................................56
Class Tectiliviricetes ..................................................................................................................................56
Essentials ..............................................................................................................................................56
Order Belfryvirales ...............................................................................................................................56
Order Kalamavirales.............................................................................................................................57
Order Vinavirales ..................................................................................................................................58
Family Autolykiviridae .........................................................................................................................59
Class Laserviricetes ...................................................................................................................................59
Order Halopanivirales ..........................................................................................................................59
Unassigned Families .......................................................................................................................................59
Unassigned Genera .........................................................................................................................................63
Contents ix
Chapter 6 Order Lefavirales ...........................................................................................................................................65
Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................65
Family Baculoviridae .....................................................................................................................................65
Essentials and Genome ..............................................................................................................................65
3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................65
Chimeric Virions ........................................................................................................................................66
Vaccine Vectors ..........................................................................................................................................68
Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................69
Targeting ....................................................................................................................................................69
Nanomaterials ............................................................................................................................................70
Polyhedrin ..................................................................................................................................................70
Family Hytrosaviridae ....................................................................................................................................70
Family Nudiviridae .........................................................................................................................................71
Family Nimaviridae ........................................................................................................................................71
Chapter 7 Order Zurhausenvirales ..................................................................................................................................73
Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................73
Genome ..........................................................................................................................................................74
Genus Alphapapillomavirus ...........................................................................................................................75
3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................75
Expression .................................................................................................................................................76
Natural VLPs as Vaccines ..........................................................................................................................79
Gardasil™ and Cervarix™ ........................................................................................................................80
Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................81
Genetic Fusions ....................................................................................................................................81
HPV Vaccines...................................................................................................................................81
Other Vaccines .................................................................................................................................82
Chemical Coupling ...............................................................................................................................83
Packaging and Delivery .............................................................................................................................83
Visualization ..............................................................................................................................................85
Genus Deltapapillomavirus ............................................................................................................................85
3D Structure ...............................................................................................................................................85
Expression .................................................................................................................................................85
Natural VLPs .............................................................................................................................................86
Chimeric VLPs ..........................................................................................................................................87
Genetic Fusions ....................................................................................................................................87
BPV Vaccines ...................................................................................................................................87
HPV Vaccines...................................................................................................................................87
Other Vaccines .................................................................................................................................87
Chemical Coupling ...............................................................................................................................88
Packaging and Delivery .............................................................................................................................89
Genus Kappapapillomavirus ..........................................................................................................................90
Genus Lambdapapillomavirus .......................................................................................................................90
Genus Pipapillomavirus .................................................................................................................................91
Genus Upsilonpapillomavirus ........................................................................................................................91
Genus Zetapapillomavirus .............................................................................................................................91
Chapter 8 Order Sepolyvirales ........................................................................................................................................93
Essentials ........................................................................................................................................................93
Genome ..........................................................................................................................................................93
Genus Alphapolyomavirus .............................................................................................................................94
Mouse Polyomavirus .................................................................................................................................94
Hamster Polyomavirus ..............................................................................................................................98
