Table Of ContentVIRUS
VIRUS
MARILYN J. ROOSSINCK
VIRUS
MARILYN J. ROOSSINCK
With a foreword by Carl Zimmer
Princeton University Press
Princeton and Oxford
Dr. Marilyn J. Roossinck is Professor of Plant Pathology and
CONTENTS
Environmental Microbiology, and Biology at the Center for
Infectious Disease Dynamics at Penn State University. She has
been awarded over $10 million in research funding, and has
been the recipient of numerous awards and honors. She has
served as a councilor for the American Society for Virology. 6 Foreword
Dr. Roossinck has published more than 60 scientifi c papers
and writes for Nature magazine, Microbiology Today, and 8 Introduction
other popular science publications. She edited the title
Plant Virus Evolution (Springer). 10 What is a virus?
12 History of virology
16 Timeline
18 Virus controversies
20 A virus classifi cation scheme
22 Replication
36 Packaging
38 Transmission
40 Lifestyles of viruses
This edition published in the United States of America and 44 Immunity
Canada in 2016 by
Princeton University Press
41 William Street 101 Remarkable Viruses
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
press.princeton.edu HUMAN VIRUSES
52 Chikungunya virus
Copyright © 2016 The Ivy Press Limited 54 Dengue virus
56 Ebola virus
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
58 Hepatitis C virus
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
60 Human adenovirus 2
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
62 Human herpes simplex virus 1
recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the
publishers. 64 Human immunodefi ciency virus
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931621 66 Human papilloma virus 16
68 Human rhinovirus A
ISBN: 978-0-691-16696-4 70 Infl uenza virus A
72 JC virus
This book was conceived, designed, and produced by 74 Measles virus
Ivy Press 76 Mumps virus
Ovest House, 58 West Street
78 Norwalk virus
Brighton BN1 2RA
80 Poliovirus
United Kingdom
82 Rotavirus A
www.ivypress.co.uk
84 SARS related coronavirus
Publisher Susan Kelly 86 Varicella-zoster virus
Creative Director Michael Whitehead 88 Variola virus
Editorial Director Tom Kitch 90 West Nile virus
Commissioning Editor Kate Shanahan 92 Yellow fever virus
Project Editor Joanna Bentley 94 Zika virus
Design JC Lanaway 96 Sin nombre virus
Illustrator Louis Mackay
97 Torque teno virus
Picture Research Katie Greenwood & Jenny Campbell
Printed in China
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
VERTEBRATE ANIMAL VIRUSES INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL VIRUSES
100 African swine fever virus 182 Cotesia congregata bracovirus
102 Bluetongue virus 184 Cricket paralysis virus
104 Boid Inclusion body disease virus 186 Deformed wing virus
106 Bornadisease virus 188 Drosophila virus C
108 Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 190 Dysaphis plantaginea densovirus
110 Canine parvovirus 192 Flock house virus
112 Foot and mouth disease virus 194 Invertebrate iridescent virus 6
114 Frog virus 3 196 Lymantria dispar multiple nucleo-polyhedrosis virus
116 Infectious salmon anemia virus 198 Orsay virus
118 Myxoma virus 200 White spot syndrome virus
120 Porcine circovirus 202 Yellow head virus
122 Rabies virus
124 Rift Valley fever virus FUNGAL AND PROTIST VIRUSES
126 Rinderpest virus 206 Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus
128 Rous sarcoma virus 208 Curvularia thermal tolerance virus
130 Simian virus 40 210 Helminthosporium victoriae virus 190S
132 Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus 212 Penicillium chrysogenum virus
134 Feline leukemia virus 214 Pithovirus sibericum
135 Mouse herpesvirus 68 216 Saccharomyces cerevisia L-A virus
218 Cryphonectria hypovirus 1
PLANT VIRUSES 219 Ophiostoma mitovirus 4
138 African cassava mosaic virus 220 Paramecium busaria chlorellavirus 1
140 Banana bunchy top virus 220 Phytophthora endornavirus 1
142 Barley yellow dwarf virus
144 Caulifl ower mosaic virus BACTERIAL AND ARCHAEAL VIRUSES
146 Citrus tristeza virus 224 Bacillus phage phi29
148 Cucumber mosaic virus 226 Enterobacteria phage lambda
150 Oryza sativa endornavirus 228 Enterobacteria phage T4
152 Ourmia melon virus 230 Enterobacteriophage phiX174
154 Pea enation mosaic virus 232 Mycobacterium phage D29
156 Plum pox virus 234 Ralstonia phage phiRSL1
158 Potato virus Y 236 Synechococcus phage Syn5
160 Rice dwarf virus 238 Acidianus bottle-shaped virus 1
162 Rice hoja blanca virus 239 Acidianus two-tailed virus
164 Satellite tobacco mosaic virus 240 Enterobacteria phage H-19B
166 Tobacco etch virus 241 Enterobacteriophage M13
168 Tobacco mosaic virus 242 Enterobacteriophage Qß
170 Tomato bushy stunt virus 243 Staphylococcus phage 80
172 Tomato spotted wilt virus 244 Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1
174 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus 245 Vibrio phage CTX
176 White clover cryptic virus
246 Glossary
178 Bean golden mosaic virus
250 Resources
179 Tulip breaking virus
252 Index
256 Acknowledgments
Foreword
Bird-lovers proudly display their Audubon and Peterson bird guides on
their coffee tables. Fishermen enjoy nothing more than perusing fish guides, so that they can tell the
difference between Bonneville cutthroat trout and Humboldt cutthroat trout. Viruses deserve an
attractive guidebook of their own, and this volume is it.
Of course, the symptoms that viruses cause in their hosts are not as pretty
as a cedar waxwing or an Atlantic sea bass. No one wants to linger for long over the bleeding caused
by Ebola virus or the sores produced by smallpox.
Yet there is an undeniable beauty in the virus life cycle—the manner in
which a tiny package of genes and proteins can make its way through the world, overcoming the
complex defenses of a host and ensuring that new copies of itself get made. Even more beautiful is
the wide diversity of those cycles, from viruses that infect flowers to viruses that merge their DNA
into their host genomes, making it hard to tell where one organism begins and the other ends.
Learning about the diversity of viruses is not just a fascinating experience
but a vital one. We need to understand where the next deadly pandemic will emerge from and what
its vulnerabilities are. As scientists discover new kinds of viruses, they’re also converting some of
them into tools, to control bacteria, deliver genes, and even build nanomaterials. By appreciating the
beauty of viruses, we can better understand nature’s inventiveness, even as we learn lessons about
how to avoid becoming its victims.
CARL Z I M M E R
N E W YO R K T I M E S C O LU M N I ST A N D AU T H O R O F A P L A N E T O F V I R U S E S
INTRODUCTION
The word “virus” conjures up the terror of death on invisible wings. It raises images of hospital wards
filled with patients dying of Spanish ’flu; poliomyelitis victims in iron lungs; health workers dressed in
full-body suits against the deadly Ebola virus; or babies with microcephaly that could be linked to Zika
virus. These are all dreadful human diseases, but they tell only a very small part of the story. Viruses
infect all life forms—not just humans; and most viruses don’t even cause disease. Viruses are part of
the history of life on Earth; precisely what part they play is a mystery that is slowly being unraveled.
In this book you will find a more rounded picture of viruses. To be sure, you’ll read about viruses
that cause disease, but you will also discover viruses that are actually good for their hosts. So good,
in fact, that the hosts couldn’t survive without them. The viruses in this book have been chosen to
reflect the incredible variety of viruses. Some you will have heard about—others will be new, and
strange. Some have played a part in key episodes in the history of science, such as the discovery below left When poliomyelitis
of the structure of the genetic material, DNA. Others do weird things to the biology of their hosts. became an epidemic in the
twentieth century, the use of the
Viruses cannot live without their hosts, so this book orders viruses by the kind of living thing they iron lung to help people suffering
infect. Starting with humans, we move to other vertebrate animals and plants. Insects and from paralysis to breathe saved
crustaceans (invertebrate animals) have their own viruses, as do fungi. Even bacteria—some of many lives.
which are also agents of disease—can be infected with viruses. The modern age of biology started bhealzomwa tH seuaitltsh pcraerpe awrionrgk eforsr iwno rking
with understanding how viruses infected common bacteria. with deadly viruses like Ebola.
8 Introduction
The book includes illustrations to show off the unique beauty of viruses. Many viruses have precise, above Virus-infected camellia
flowers show a beautiful red
geometric structures, made from repeating units of proteins that make up their coats. Viruses of
and white variation. Viruses that
bacteria and archaea have landing gear they use to attach and drill into their hosts, like a space probe affect flower color are called
color-breaking viruses.
landing on another planet. Some viruses look like flowers, albeit on a microscopic scale; others have
eerily beautiful effects on their hosts.
This introduction contains all the essentials for you to start to understand viruses and how they are
studied: the history of virology (the study of viruses); some current debates; a virus classification
scheme; a look at how viruses reproduce themselves; and some sample virus life cycles. You’ll
discover how viruses interact with their hosts; how they affect their hosts’ interactions with the
world around them; and how hosts defend themselves against viruses. You’ll learn how vaccination is
often the best way to protect ourselves against the threat of new and infectious viruses. At the end
of the book you’ll find a glossary of scientific terms used, and a list of additional resources.
Introduction 9
