Virgil, Aeneid 4: Text, Translation, Commentary

994 Pages·2022·4.731 MB·English

by  Lee M. Fratantuono, R. Alden Smith

Virgil,Aeneid4
Mnemosyne
Supplements
monographs on greek and
latin language and literature
ExecutiveEditor
C.Pieper(LeidenUniversity)
EditorialBoard
K.M.Coleman(HarvardUniversity)
A.Heller(UniversityofTours)
C.C.deJonge(LeidenUniversity)
J.J.H.Klooster(UniversityofGroningen)
T.Reinhardt(OxfordUniversity)
volume 462
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/mns
Virgil, Aeneid 4
Text,Translation,andCommentary
By
LeeM.Fratantuono
R.AldenSmith
leiden | boston
TheLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableonlineathttps://catalog.loc.gov
lcrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022035360
TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill‑typeface.
issn0169-8958
isbn978-90-04-52143-8(hardback)
isbn978-90-04-52144-5(e-book)
Copyright2022byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillnvincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillNijhoff,BrillHotei,BrillSchöningh,BrillFink,
Brillmentis,Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,BöhlauandV&Runipress.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
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Contents
PrefaceandAcknowledgments vii
Introduction 1
TextandTranslation 43
Commentary 101
Bibliography 933
IndexLocorum 955
IndexNominum 976
IndexRerum 978

Preface and Acknowledgments
Book4ofVirgil’sAeneidisadelighttoworkthroughclosely,withacarefuleye
tothepoet’sliteraryandartisticantecedents.Monographshavebeendevoted
totheincalculableinfluenceoftheshortestbookofVirgil’sepiconsubsequent
examplesofthe“poetical,philosophical,ormanuplasticcreationsofthemas-
terspiritsof mankind,”toborrowfromJamesHenry’sremarkableprose.The
presentvolumeisofferedaspartoftheongoingconversationofreadersofthe
tragedyofDidoandAeneasacrosstimeandspace.Itispresentedwithsincere
and profound gratitude to the work of our predecessors inVirgilian studies,
andwiththeardenthopethatscholarsandstudentsofVirgilwillfindsome-
thingofuseinthesepagesintheevernew,everancientpracticeofreadingthe
premiereepicofAugustanRome.
Ourmethodologyanddivisionoflaborhasbeensimilartothatforouredi-
tionsof Books5and8:Smithhasbeenresponsibleforthelion’sshareof the
work on the critical text; translation; and introduction, and Fratantuono for
thecommentary.Both,however,workedcloselyoneachpart,andweaccept
responsibility jointly for the finished product. Amicable differences of inter-
pretiveopinionareacknowledgednowandagaininthenotes.
Thefourth Aeneidisthebookof Dido,asBuscarolientitledhissomewhat
underappreciated commentary. Among other women of literature and his-
tory,Didoisatriple(atleast)Medea(Euripidean;Apollonian;Ennian);sheis
CleopatraviiPhilopator.Homer’sCalypso;Circe;andNausicaälurkthrough-
out.SheisconsciouslycomposedbytheepicpoetinhisOdysseyasacontrast-
ingfiguretotheVolscianheroineCamilla(herselfthenewPenthesilea)ofhis
Iliad.Ladenwiththesedifficult,formidablecomparisonsandliterary/histori-
calantecedents,Didoisdepictedwiththesamesensitivityandrespectthatthe
poetaccordstohisRutulianantagonistTurnus.Sufficetosay,readerswithan
interestinthenotentirelyunhelpfuldichotomyofpessimisticandoptimistic
interpretationsoftheAeneidmayfindthatoneoftheeditorshasasomewhat
bleakerreadingofVirgilafterworkingthroughBook4,notleastbecauseofour
interpretationoftheominoushistoricalimplicationsofTumIunoomnipotens,
etc.fromthebook’sclosingscene,andourreadingofBook4asbeingabookof
Juno’striumph(asultimatelyisBook12too).Book4isasmuchthedramaof
JunoandVenusasofDidoandAnna;itisabookinwhichAeneas;hisson;even
theghostofhisfatherallloomlargealongsidethevisionofthefutureHannibal
(Romanhistorycomposedagaininthefuturetense),andthegreatnavalvictory
ofAugustusatActiumoverCleopatraandherbesottedparamour.Everyverse
of thebookispregnantwiththesplendorandtensionof thenascentRoman
viii preface and acknowledgments
GoldenAge.Wehavetriedtoberespectfulof thevastscopeofVirgiliancriti-
calresponses,evenifoneoftheeditorsmayseemnowandagaintohavebeen
takenovermuchwiththesentimentsofSforza’sIlpiùpreziosotesorespirituale
d’Italia:l’Eneide(Milano,1952).
Wehaveconsciouslyrefrainedfromindulgingovermuchourpassionforthe
VirgilianNachleben(onenoteworthyexceptionbeingHeroides7).Thealready
longcommentarycouldhavebeensignificantlyexpandedhadwenotexercised
seriousrestraintinthisregardinparticular;sotootheintroduction.Wehave
notstriventoamassexhaustiveparallelpassagesfromanyperiod;Peasehas
madethiseasier,givenhisencyclopediccoverageinthisarea.Somewillfeel
thatthenotescouldbeshorterstill.WecontinuetohopethatVirgilianswill
findthepagesof suchrelativelyunappreciatedlateantiqueandRenaissance
poetsasDracontiusandMarullusasworthwhileaswehave,if onlyforsome
insightintohowVirgilwasbeingreadbywould-besuccessorsinaworldthat
hadnotyetsouredonmythologicalverse.TheRomand’Énéasremainsforus
acherishedmonumentofVirgiliancriticism,moresothantheninthcantoof
theHenriadeofVoltaire,orthefourthbookof Oppianwithitspiscatorypas-
sions.
Sufficetosay,Book4presentstextualproblemsofthesortnotfoundnearly
soofteninthepagesofBooks5and8.Book4exhibitsevidenceofcomposition
thatdidnotreceivethepoet’sultimamanus,andcontainspassageswhereitis
uncertainwhatVirgil’sfinalchoicewouldhavebeenofpossiblyvariantautho-
rialreadings.Absentfurtherevidencefromnewlydiscoveredorcollatedpapyri,
itisimpossibletorenderadefinitiveverdictoncertainvexedpassagesinthis
book;interpretiveanalysisultimatelyoffersasubjectivegamewithwhichto
unravelinterestingtextualknots.Wedonotfeelthatcommentatorsandliter-
ary critics must eschew (cautious) speculation.We have consciously tried to
presentabalancedviewofdiversescholarlyviewpoints,evenaswehavemade
clearourownpositionsoncontroversies.Guidedbyourpredecessors,wehave
learnedmuchduringtheprocessofcomposingthisvolume—sometimesfrom
our own students, who present fresh eyes and perspectives for material that
so many have studied so (not to say too) closely. In textual matters we have
registeredamicabledisagreementanddebateonlyontheknottyproblemsof
verse54.Herewehavedecidedtoprinta54aanda54b,notbecausewewishto
triggerapoplexybecauseofourunorthodoxmethod,butforthesakeofclarity
inourexposition.Evidenceoftextualtemeritymaybefoundat584,wherewe
haveresurrectedHermann1847;cf.224–225,wherewehaveheededthewis-
domofKraggerud2017.
Infine, the fourth Aeneid is a difficult book, for all the gains that its great
exposure,popularity,andfrequentanalysishaveobtained.Indeed,sometimes
preface and acknowledgments ix
thesefactorscanmitigateagainstsober,detachedexpositionofacrux.Pease;
Buscaroli;andAustinmaybethegiantsof criticalcommentaryhere,andwe
haveprofitedmuchfromplumbingtheirdepths.Forbigerhashelpedussignif-
icantly,especiallywithlaterLatinversecomparandaashintstotruereadings.
ButthechallengesofthebookaresuchthatsometimesitseemsthatStephen-
sonalonehassolvedadifficulty,intheunassumingpagesofhispricelessele-
mentarycommentary.Similarly,BerthaTilly’sunderappreciatedPalatineClas-
sicseditionoftenprovidesjusttherighthelpwhereothersaresilent(likeher
Book12,itisamarvelousschoolvolume).O’Hara’srevisionof Pageischarac-
teristicallymasterful.WecanonlywishthatthenotesofIngoGildenhardhad
extendedtotheentirebook.Butler’ssmallpre-warOxfordeditionof Book4
contains occasional gems; Mackail remains as deserving as ever of Austin’s
praise.GerhardBinder’srecent(2019)three-volumeAeneidfromTrierhasbeen
a vademecum.SotooKraggerud’sVergiliana;and,asalways,theThomasand
ZiolkowskiVirgilEncyclopedia.WecontinuetofollowHorsfallincitingtheEV
passim,ifonlybecause(astonishingly)itremainsrelativelyneglectedinanglo-
phoneVirgilianwork.Adema’sTensesinVirgil’sAeneidisindispensable;soalso
Dainotti 2015. Nelis 2001 is a sinequanon for any work on the Aeneid. Sisul
2018onthetoposof morsimmaturadeservesspecialmentionamongrecent
works.
IthasbeenapleasuretohavetheeditioalteraofConte’sTeubneraswehave
progressedthroughthisbook,alongsidehis2021companionVirgilianparerga.
Theappearanceofthepostmortemcollectionofpapersofthemuchlamented
andmuchmissedNicholasHorsfallattheendof2020wasawelcomepleasure
inachallenging,pandemic-riddenyear:FiftyYearsattheSibyl’sHeelswasnot
enoughforascholarwhoseworkshavebeenveritableclassicalbreviariesforus,
andFratantuonoishappytohavehadthechancenotsomuchtoreviewthevol-
umeforVergilius,astopraisetheauthor.ThecompletionofthePinksterOxford
LatinSyntaxwasaparticularboonforourwork;wenotealsotheappearance
insummer2021ofCairo’simpressivemonographonVirgilian fata.Itisimpos-
sibletohaveincludedeveryrelevantsource;omissionshouldnotbeconstrued
ascondemnationorwillfulexclusion.NoteveryVirgilianbimillenaryvolume
ofpapershasbeenconsulted.Ingeneralwehavenotbeenabletoincorporate
workthatappearedafterDecemberof2021.
Anoteonourtext,whichdiffersfromexistingcriticaleditionsinreadings
fromseveralvexedpassages.Wehaveerredonthesideofamassingmorerather
than less detail in the apparatus, partly to correct minor errors of transcrip-
tion in Geymonat, and (more importantly) to defend our choice of certain
variant readings. With regard to the manuscripts, we have inspected all the
capital and Carolingian witnesses either in person or via electronic copy or
x preface and acknowledgments
both.Weacquireddigitizedphotographsofthosepapyrusfragmentsthatwere
not accessible in person. Here we thank the J. Pierpont Morgan Library in
NewYorkforfacilitatinginspectionof theP.ColtNessanaCollection,aswell
asProfessorMarkDePauw(Leuven)andthemaintainersof theTrismegistos
database.
Thepresentvolumecouldnothavebeenproducedwithouttheassistance
of ouracademicinstitutions.Weareindebtedtotheresourcesof BaylorUni-
versity and of The National University of Ireland-Maynooth. Once again we
are thankful to those who have made our work possible, among whom two
Virgilians merit special note for their continuing support of our endeavors.
Michael Putnam remains a cherished correspondent on Latin verse, and we
areappreciativeaseverforhisgeneroussharingof hislearningonVirgil.So
too Karl Galinsky, whom wecongratulate for his emeritus status, and for his
continuingworkonexplicatingtheAugustanAge.
Wethankalsoourcolleaguesbothathomeinstitutionsandinthefieldwho
haveaidedusbothinpracticalandintangibleways,amongwhomwewould
mentionbynameonlysomehere:EmilyAllen-Hornblower,SilvioBär,Sergio
Casali,WilliamDesmond,RachelDonnelly,DavidEngels,JoeFarrell,Carmen
Fenechiu,HunterGardner,FilomenaGiannotti,CaitlinGillespie,JohnHamil-
ton,Thomas Hibbs, Jeff Hunt, David Jacks, Ken Jones, Peter Knox, Egil Krag-
gerud;CynthiaLiu,EllaLiu,MatthewMcGowan,MichaelMcOsker,BlaiseNagy,
Damien Nelis, Jim O’Hara, Sophia Papaioannou, Eva Parmenter, Rina Quar-
tarone,HannahRogers,AlessandraRomeo,PeterSchenk,AnaSisul;Caroline
Stark, Josiah Stephens, Cynthia Susalla, RichardThomas, EleonoraTola, and
JamieWheeler. Antonio Cussen was kind enough to send both editors com-
pletesetsofhisverywelcome2018ElmileniosegúnVirgiliovolumes.
Librariansmadethisbookpossible.Inparticular,wethankBillHair;Janet
Jasek; Billie Peterson-Lugo and J. Mark Thompson at Baylor, and the library
staffsattheVatican;SanktGallen;Verona;Napoli;Hamburg;Wolfenbüttel;and
Oxford.Booksellersareunsungheroesinclassicalstudies:Fratantuonoisgrate-
fultoSholtoCampbellofMuirofOrd.
Asever,weareindebtedtoototheexemplarysupportofourBrilleditorial
staff,especiallyMirjamElbersandGiuliaMoriconi.Thesuggestionsandadvice
oftheanonymousrefereevastlyimprovedthefinishedproduct;allerrorsthat
remainareourown.
Lastly,thisvolumeisofferedinparticulardedicationandhumblethanksto
twoVirgilianscholarswhohavebeenagreatinspirationtousinourworkon
Book4.Bothof thededicateeshavebeengenerous,persuasiveguidestoour
studyof thetextandinterpretationof thepoet.Weofferthisscholarlygiftto
GianBiagioConte(whosewarminvitationtoPisainspiredSmithatthecom-