Viral Hepatitis

633 Pages·2013·18.258 MB·English

by  Howard C. Thomas at al.

Viral
Hepatitis

Viral

Hepatitis

EDITED BY
HOWARD C. THOMAS
BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Hepatology
Department of Medicine
Imperial College London
London, UK
ANNA S.F. LOK
MD
Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor in Hepatology
Director of Clinical Hepatology
Professor of Internal Medicine
Associate Chair for Clinical Research, Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Health System
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
STEPHEN A. LOCARNINI
MBBS, BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath
Head, Research & Molecular Development
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
ARIE J. ZUCKERMAN
MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci
Emeritus Professor of Medical Microbiology
Formerly Principal and Dean
Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, and later
Royal Free and University College Medical School
University College London
London, UK
FOURTH EDITION
This edition fi rst published 2014 © 2005, 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA
For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information
about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please
see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in
accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as
trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names,
service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The
publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This
publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to
the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not
engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientifi c research,
understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied
upon as recommending or promoting a specifi c method, diagnosis, or treatment by
physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no
representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the
contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without
limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of
ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and
the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and
devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the
package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among
other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added
warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate.
The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or
a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the
publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or
recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites
listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was
written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any
promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be
liable for any damages arising herefrom.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Viral hepatitis / edited by Howard C. Thomas . . . [et al.]. – 4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-67295-2 (alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-63727-2 (ebook online product)
– ISBN 978-1-118-63730-2 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-63731-9 (eMobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-
63733-3 (ePub)
I. Thomas, H. C. (Howard C.)
[DNLM: 1. Hepatitis, Viral, Human. 2. Hepatitis Viruses. WC 536]
616.3'623–dc23
2013001678
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that
appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover image: High detailed hepatitis virus view isolated with clipping path (Image ID:
42546331). © CLIPAREA l Custom media / Shutterstock
Cover design by Garth Stewart
Set in 9.5/12 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2014
Contents
List of Contributors, vii 11 Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis
Preface, xii B infection, 154
Christian Trépo, Majid Amiri, and Loïc Guillevin
12 Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma, 163
Section I: Introduction to Liver Biology
Marie Annick Buendia and Pierre Tiollais
1 Liver regeneration and fi brosis, 3
13 Murine models and human studies of pathogenesis
Stuart J. Forbes and Malcolm R. Alison
of chronic hepatitis B, 176
2 Hepatic immunology, 13 Juandy Jo, Anthony Tanoto Tan, and Antonio Bertoletti
Gyongyi Szabo and Johanna Bruneau
14 Treatment of hepatitis B, 188
Hellan K. Kwon and Anna S.F. Lok
Section II: Hepatitis A Virus 15 Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis
3 Structure, molecular virology, natural history, and B and C, 203
experimental models, 29 Ed Gane
Gerardo G. Kaplan, Krishnamurthy Konduru,
Mohanraj Manangeeswaran, Jerome Jacques, Section IV: Hepatitis C Virus
Nadia Amharref, and Siham Nakamura 16 Structure and molecular virology, 221
4 Epidemiology and prevention, 43 Michael J. McGarvey and Michael Houghton
Benjamin Cowie and Stephen A. Locarnini 17 Epidemiology and prevention, 246
Josep Quer and Juan I. Esteban Mur
Section III: Hepatitis B Virus and Other 18 The immune response to HCV in acute and chronic
Hepadnaviridae infection, 266
Robert Thimme and Salim I. Khakoo
5 Structure and molecular virology, 65
Souphalone Luangsay and Fabien Zoulim 19 Animal models of hepatitis C virus infection, 280
Patrizia Farci and Jens Bukh
6 Epidemiology and prevention, 81
Philip R. Spradling, Dale J. Hu, and 20 Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus
Brian J. McMahon infection, 295
Benjamin Maasoumy, Michael P. Manns, and
7 Other Hepadnaviridae (Avihepadnaviridae (DHBV)
Markus Cornberg
and Orthohepadnaviridae (WHV)), 96
Stephen A. Locarnini and Michael Roggendorf 21 Central nervous system complications of hepatitis
C virus infection, 310
8 Molecular variants of hepatitis B surface antigen
Daniel M. Forton, Simon Taylor-Robinson,
(HBsAg), 107
Markus Gess, and Howard C. Thomas
Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri, Seyed Moayed Alavian,
Payam Dindoost, Howard C. Thomas, and 22 In vitro replication models, 325
Peter Karayiannis Volker Lohmann, Sandra Bühler, and
Ralf Bartenschlager
9 Molecular variants of the precore, core, and core
promoter regions of hepatitis B virus, and their 23 Natural history of chronic HCV infection and
clinical signifi cance, 127 non-invasive assessment of hepatic fi brosis, 341
Peter Karayiannis, William F. Carman, and Laurent Castera
Howard C. Thomas 24 Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma, 353
Hubert E. Blum
10 Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus
infection, 143 25 Treatment of hepatitis C, 362
Yun-Fan Liaw Christoph Welsch and Stefan Zeuzem
v
vi Contents
26 Development of anti-HCV drugs, 377 35 Hepatitis and hemophilia, 486
Esperance Schaefer and Raymond T. Chung Mike Makris and Geoffrey Dusheiko
36 Hepatitis in persons infected with HIV, 494
Section V: Hepatitis D Virus
Janice Main and Brendan McCarron
27 Structure and molecular virology, 395 37 Migration, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, 506
Francesco Negro Manuel Carballo, Rowan Cody, Megan Kelly and
28 Epidemiology and natural history, 403 Angelos Hatzakis
Heiner Wedemeyer, Svenja Hardtke, and 38 Occupational aspects of hepatitis, 515
Michael P. Manns William L. Irving and Fortune Ncube
29 Treatment of hepatitis D, 410 39 Neonatal and pediatric infection, 529
Alessia Ciancio and Mario Rizzetto Deirdre A. Kelly and C.Y. William Tong
40 Management of hepatocellular carcinoma, 544
Section VI: Hepatitis E Virus
Massimo Iavarone and Massimo Colombo
30 Structure and molecular virology, 419
41 Application of molecular biology to the diagnosis
Xiang-Jin Meng
of viral hepatitis, 552
31 Epidemiology, experimental models, and Stéphane Chevaliez, Christophe Rodriguez, and
prevention: zoonotic aspects of hepatitis E, 431 Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
Subrat Kumar Panda and Satya Pavan Kumar Varma
42 Disinfection and sterilization, 564
32 Clinical and pathological features, Martin S. Favero and Walter W. Bond
and diagnosis, 442
43 Evolution of hepatitis viruses, 575
Cyril Sieberhagen and Matthew E. Cramp
Peter Simmonds and Donald B. Smith
Section VII: Clinical Aspects of Viral Liver
Disease Index, 587
Colour plate section facing p.372
33 Clinical and diagnostic aspects of
viral hepatitis, 453
Cui Li Lin, Chelsea Q. Xu, and Jack R. Wands
34 Treatment of acute hepatitis, severe acute hepatitis,
and acute liver failure, 468
Hans L. Tillmann and Alastair D. Smith
List of Contributors
Seyed Moayed Alavian PhD Antonio Bertoletti MD Jens Bukh MD
Professor of Gastroenterology and Director, Infection & Immunity Professor
Hepatology Program Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program
Middle East Liver Diseases Center Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (CO-HEP)
(MELD) A*STAR; Department of Infectious Diseases and
Tehran, Iran Program of Emerging Viral Diseases Clinical Research Centre
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Copenhagen University Hospital,
Malcolm R. Alison PhD, Department of Medicine Hvidovre;
DSc Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Department of International Health,
National University of Singapore Immunology and Microbiology
Professor of Stem Cell Biology
Singapore University of Copenhagen
Centre for Tumour Biology
Copenhagen, Denmark
Barts Cancer Institute
Hubert E. Blum MD
Barts and The London School of
Medicine and Dentistry Professor of Medicine Manuel Carballo PhD, MPH
London, UK Department of Medicine II Executive Director
University Hospital of Freiburg International Centre for Migration,
Nadia Amharref PhD Freiburg, Germany Health and Development
Geneva, Switzerland
Postdoctoral Fellow
Walter W. Bond MS
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
Education (ORISE) Research Consulting Microbiologist William F. Carman MBBCh,
Participation Program RCSA, Inc. MMed(Virology), PhD,
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Lawrenceville, CA, USA FRCPath
Research Professor (ret.)
US Food and Drug Administration Johanna Bruneau PhD Fast Track Diagnostics
Bethesda, MD, USA Postdoctoral Fellow Junglinster, Luxembourg
University of Massachusetts Medical
Majid Amiri MD, PMP, School Laurent Castera MD, PhD
AFSA Worcester, MA, USA Senior Lecturer
Associate Professor of Medicine Service d ’ Hépatologie
Service d ’ HépatoGastroentérologie Marie Annick Buendia PhD INSERM U733 CRB3
Hôpital de la Croix Rousse Directeur de Recherche Emeritus Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII
Hospices Civils de Lyon; INSERM U.785 Hôpital Beaujon
Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Hepatobiliary Center, Paul Brousse Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
de Lyon Hospital Clichy, France
Lyon, France University Paris-Sud
Villejuif, France Stéphane Chevaliez
Ralf Bartenschlager PhD PharmD, PhD
Professor of Virology Sandra Bühler PhD Assistant Professor
Department of Infectious Diseases Scientifi c Coordinator National Reference Center for Viral
Molecular Virology Department of Infectious Diseases Hepatitis B, C and D
University of Heidelberg Molecular Virology Department of Virology
Heidelberg, Germany University of Heidelberg Hôpital Henri Mondor
Heidelberg, Germany Université Paris-Est
Créteil, France
vii
viii List of Contributors
Raymond T. Chung MD Payam Dindoost MD, PhD Svenja Hardtke PhD
Vice Chief, Gastroenterology Professor Projektmanagement HepNet
Director of Hepatology Middle East Liver Diseases Center Study-House
Associate Professor of Medicine (MELD) Department of Gastroenterology,
Massachusetts General Hospital Tehran, Iran Hepatology and Endocrinology
Boston, MA, USA Hannover Medical School
Geoffrey Dusheiko MD, MB, Hannover, Germany
Alessia Ciancio MD, PhD BCh
Division of Gastroenterology Professor of Medicine Angelos Hatzakis MD, PhD
University of Torino UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Professor of Epidemiology and
Torino, Italy Health Preventative Medicine
Royal Free Hospital Director, Department of Hygiene,
Rowan Cody BA, MPH London, UK Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Athens University Medical School
Research Offi cer
Patrizia Farci MD Athens, Greece
International Centre for Migration,
Health and Development Chief, Hepatic Pathogenesis Section
Geneva, Switzerland Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Michael Houghton BSc,
National Institute of Allergy and PhD
Massimo Colombo MD Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Professor
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Medical Microbiology
Professor of Gastroenterology
Bethesda, MD, USA and Immunology
A.M. & A. Migliavacca Center for Liver
University of Alberta
Disease
Martin S. Favero PhD Rexall Centre for Health Research
1st Division of Gastroenterology
Johnson & Johnson Edmonton, AB, Canada
Fondazione IRCCS Ca ’ Granda
Irvine, CA, USA
Maggiore Hospital
University of Milan Dale J. Hu MD, MPH
Stuart J. Forbes MB, ChB,
Milan, Italy Director, International Emerging
PhD, FRCP(Ed)
Infections Program
Markus Cornberg MD Professor of Transplantation and US CDC Offi ce, US Embassy
Regenerative Medicine and Beijing, China
Consultant Physician
Consultant Hepatologist
Department of Gastroenterology,
MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine Massimo Iavarone MD, PhD
Hepatology and Endocrinology
The University of Edinburgh
Hannover Medical School Physician
Edinburgh, UK
Hannover, Germany A.M. & A. Migliavacca Center for Liver
Disease
Daniel M. Forton MB, BS,
Benjamin Cowie MB BS, 1st Division of Gastroenterology
PhD, FRCP Fondazione IRCCS Ca ’ Granda
PhD, FRACP
Consultant Hepatologist and Senior Maggiore Hospital
Epidemiologist and Physician
Lecturer University of Milan
WHO Regional Reference Laboratory
St Georges University of London Milan, Italy
for Hepatitis B;
London, UK
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference
William L. Irving MA, MB,
Laboratory (VIDRL);
Ed Gane MB, ChB, MD, BChir, MRCP, PhD, FRCPath
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service
Royal Melbourne Hospital; FRACP, MNZM Professor of Virology and Honorary
Department of Medicine Professor and Hepatologist Consultant
University of Melbourne New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit Department of Microbiology
Melbourne, VIC, Australia Auckland City Hospital University Hospital
Auckland, New Zealand Queen ’ s Medical Centre
Nottingham, UK
Matthew E. Cramp MB BS,
Markus Gess MB, BS, MRCP
MD, FRCP
Consultant Gastroenterologist Jerome Jacques PhD
Consultant Hepatologist and Honorary
Kingston General Hospital Postdoctoral Fellow
Professor of Hepatology
Surrey, UK Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
South West Liver Unit
Education (ORISE) Research
Derriford Hospital;
Loïc Guillevin MD Participation Program;
Plymouth University Peninsula School of
Medicine and Dentistry Professor of Medicine Center for Biologics Evaluation and
Plymouth, UK Head of the Department of Internal Research
Medicine US Food and Drug Administration
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Bethesda, MD, USA
Hôpital Cochin
Université Paris-Descartes
Paris, France
List of Contributors ix
Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri Hellan K. Kwon MD Benjamin Maasoumy MD
MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine Physician and Research Fellow
Associate Professor Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Gastroenterology,
Hepatitis B Laboratory, Department of Hepatology Hepatology and Endocrinology
Virology University of Michigan Health System Hannover Medical School
School of Public Health Ann Arbor, MI, USA Hannover, Germany
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Tehran, Iran Yun-Fan Liaw MD Janice Main MB ChB
Professor of Medicine FRCP(Edin & Lond)
Juandy Jo MD, PhD Liver Research Unit Reader and Consultant in Infectious
Research Fellow Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Diseases and General Internal
Program of Emerging Viral Diseases Chang Gung University College of Medicine
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Medicine Department of Medicine
Singapore Taipei, Taiwan Imperial College London
St Mary ’ s Hospital Campus
Gerardo G. Kaplan PhD Cui Li Lin MD London, UK
Senior Investigator Fellow in Gastroenterology and
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Hepatology Mike Makris MA, MB BS,
Research Warren Alpert Medical School of MD, FRCP, FRCPath
US Food and Drug Administration Brown University Reader in Haemostasis and Thrombosis
Bethesda, MD, USA Providence, RI, USA Department of Cardiovascular Science
University of Sheffi eld;
Peter Karayiannis BSc, PhD, Stephen A. Locarnini MBBS, Sheffi eld Haemophilia and Thrombosis
FIBMS, FRCPath(Virology) BSc(Hons), PhD, FRCPath Centre
Reader in Molecular Virology Head, Research & Molecular Royal Hallamshire Hospital
Hepatology & Gastroenterology Section Development Sheffi eld, UK
Department of Medicine Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference
Imperial College London Laboratory Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
London, UK Melbourne, VIC, Australia PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow
Deirdre A. Kelly MD, FRCPI,
Volker Lohmann PhD Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
FRCP, FRCPCH
Group Leader Education (ORISE) Research
Professor of Paediatric Hepatology Department of Infectious Diseases Participation Program
The Liver Unit Molecular Virology Center for Biologics Evaluation and
Birmingham Children ’ s Hospital NHS University of Heidelberg Research
Trust Heidelberg, Germany US Food and Drug Administration
Birmingham, UK
Bethesda, MD, USA
Anna S.F. Lok MD
Megan Kelly BS, MPH
Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Michael P. Manns MD
MPH Candidate
Professor in Hepatology Professor and Chairman
Tulane University School of Public
Director of Clinical Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology,
Health and Tropical Medicine
Professor of Internal Medicine Hepatology and Endocrinology
New Orleans, LA, USA
Associate Chair for Clinical Research, Hannover Medical School
Department of Internal Medicine Hannover, Germany
Salim I. Khakoo MD University of Michigan Health System
Professor of Hepatology Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Brendan McCarron MBChB,
Director of Biomedical Research (IFLS)
MRCP
Faculty of Medicine Souphalone Luangsay PhD
Consultant Physician
University of Southampton
Research Associate
South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation
Southampton General Hospital
Lyon University
Trust
Southampton, UK
Cancer Research Center of Lyon
Middlesbrough, UK
(CRCL)
Krishnamurthy Konduru
INSERM
Michael J. McGarvey BA,
PhD Lyon, France
BSc, PhD
Staff Scientist
Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens Reader in Molecular Virology
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Department of Medicine
Research Faculty of Medicine
US Food and Drug Administration Imperial College London
Bethesda, MD, USA St Mary ’ s Hospital Campus
London, UK