Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Subnational Structures, Institutions, and Clientelistic Networks

311 Pages·2017·2.719 MB·English

by  Hilgers, Tina, MacDonald, Laura

ViolenceinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
ViolenceinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanisnolongerperpetrated
primarily by states against their citizens,but by a variety of state and
nonstateactorsstrugglingtocontrolresources,territories,andpopula-
tions.Thisbookexaminesviolenceatthesubnationalleveltoilluminate
howpracticesofviolenceareembeddedwithinsubnationalconfigura-
tionsofspaceandclientelisticnetworks.Insocietiesshapedbycenturies
ofviolenceandexclusion,inequalityandmarginalizationprevailatthe
same time that democratization and neoliberalism have decentralized
powertoregionalandlocallevels,wheredemocraticandauthoritarian
practicescoexist.Withinsubnationalarenas,uniqueconfigurations–of
historical legacies, economic structures, identities, institutions, actors,
andclientelisticnetworks–resultinparticularpatternsofviolenceand
vulnerabilitythatareoftenstrikinglydifferentfromwhatisportrayed
byaggregatenational-levelstatistics.Thechaptersofthisbookexam-
inecriticalcasesfromacrosstheregion,drawingonnewprimarydata
collectedinthefieldtoanalyzehowarangeofpoliticalactorsandinsti-
tutionsshapepeople’slivesandconnectstructuralandphysicalforms
ofviolence.
Tina Hilgers is Associate Professor of Political Science at Concordia
University. Her research focuses on informal politics and violence in
Latin America.She looks at exchange relationships that interact with
formal political processes, focusing on the clientelistic networks of
socioeconomically marginalized groups, political corruption, and the
interconnectionsbetweenstateandnonstateviolentactors.
LauraMacdonaldisaProfessorintheDepartmentofPoliticalScience
and the Institute of Political Economy at Carleton University.She has
published on topics including the role of nongovernmental organiza-
tionsindevelopment,globalcivilsociety,citizenshipstrugglesinLatin
America,Canadiandevelopmentassistance,andthepoliticalimpactof
theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)onhumanrights
anddemocracyinitsthreememberstates.

Violence in Latin America and
the Caribbean
Subnational Structures, Institutions,
and Clientelistic Networks
TINA HILGERS
ConcordiaUniversity,Montréal
LAURA MACDONALD
CarletonUniversity,Ottawa
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www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107193178
doi:10.1017/9781108140553
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Contents
FiguresandTables pagevii
Contributors ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction:HowViolenceVaries:SubnationalPlace,
Identity,andEmbeddedness 1
TinaHilgersandLauraMacdonald
part i methodology
1 NotKillerMethods:AFewThingsWeGetWrongWhen
StudyingViolenceinLatinAmerica 39
JeanDaudelin
part ii urban violence and clientelism
2 TheClientelistBasesofPoliceViolenceinDemocratic
MexicoCity 59
Markus-MichaelMüller
3 OfCriminalFactions,UPPs,andMilitias:TheStateof
PublicInsecurityinRiodeJaneiro 75
RobertGay
4 TheGarrisonCommunityinKingstonandItsImplications
forViolence,Policing,DeFactoRights,andSecurityin
Jamaica 93
YoniqueCampbellandColinClarke
5 TheSalvadoranGangTruce(2012–2014):Insightson
SubnationalSecurityGovernanceinElSalvador 112
GaëlleRivardPiché
v
vi Contents
6 GunsandButter:SocialPolicy,Semiclientelism,andEfforts
toReduceViolenceinMexicoCity 132
LucyLuccisanoandLauraMacdonald
part iii regional violence and clientelism
7 SubnationalAuthoritarianismandDemocratizationin
Colombia:DivergentPathsinCesarandMagdalena 153
KentEatonandJuanDiegoPrieto
8 AgriculturalBoom,SubnationalMobilization,andVariations
ofViolenceinArgentina 173
PabloLapegna
9 PatternsofViolenceandtheDeadEndsofDemocratization
inSubnationalArgentina 192
HuguesFournier
10 ClientelismandStateViolenceinSubnationalDemocratic
ConsolidationinBahia,Brazil 211
JuliánDurazoHerrmann
Conclusion:LearningfromSubnationalViolence 230
TinaHilgersandLauraMacdonald
Bibliography 243
Index 283
Figures and Tables
figures
1.1 VolatilityofHomicideRatesinBrazil page42
1.2 Homicide(CriminalJusticeSystem)andVictimizationRates
forMexico,Central,andSouthAmerica,2006–2011 45
1.3 StandardDeviationsofHomicideRatesinBrazilianCities
Largerthan1Millionin2014 48
1.4 Females’PercentageofTotalHomicidesandOverall
HomicideRates(LAC,2008–2009) 49
4.1 PlaceNamesandStreetNamesintheKingston
MetropolitanRegion 98
4.2 KingstonandSt.AndrewCorporateArea:Constituencies
RepresentedintheNationalParliament 100
6.1 MixedModelofSocialDevelopment,Urban,andLaw
EnforcementPolicies 140
tables
1.1 CrimepatternsinNewYorkCity,Toronto,andMontreal,
2007(rateper100,000) 46
1.2 HomicidesandtheirDeterminantsinSelectedLatin
AmericanandComparisonCountries 53
9.1 IntergovernmentalRelationsandLocalChallengesinTwo
ArgentineProvinces 194
vii

Contributors
YoniqueCampbell,DepartmentofGovernment,TheUniversityofthe
WestIndies,Mona,Jamaica
ColinClarke,SchoolofGeographyandtheEnvironment,Universityof
Oxford,Oxford,UK
JeanDaudelin,NormanPatersonSchoolofInternationalAffairs,
CarletonUniversity,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
JuliánDurazoHerrmann,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,Universitédu
QuébecàMontréal,Montréal,Québec,Canada
KentEaton,PoliticsDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,
California,USA
HuguesFournier,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,UniversitéduQuébec
àMontréal,Montréal,Québec,Canada
TinaHilgers,DepartmentofPoliticalScience,ConcordiaUniversity,
Montréal,Québec,Canada
RobertGay,SociologyDepartment,ConnecticutCollege,NewLondon,
Connecticut,USA
PabloLapegna,DepartmentofSociologyandLatinAmericanand
CaribbeanStudiesInstitute(LACSI),UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,
Georgia,USA
LucyLuccisano,DepartmentofSociology,WilfridLaurierUniversity,
Waterloo,Ontario,Canada
ix