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175 Pages·2013·6.75 MB·English

by  Cheong, Weng Keong

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for
a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
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.- �
INBRIENEGDA NDP POULAOTNI
SRTUCUTRES TUIDESI N
THE NEWZ AELANADN GUBSRE ED
A thespirse sde ntipenat rail
fuflimlento ft hree qumeinrtes
fort hdee groefe
Masetr Aogfir ctuulrSaicle nce
inA nimla Sicenacte
Massye Unvieriyst
WEGNK EONGC HEGO N
1977
'
Tom y Mothearn dF ather
'
iii
ABSTARCT
Theb reesdrt utcuraen dg enteci hitsoyr of tNheewZ elaanpde digree
Angubsr de weeraena ylsde byR oberstoann Ads k'esr( 9151m)od fiictaoin
oft hWer igMhctP-h(e1e29 5p)e digsrmaepieln mge htod.
Thep atteronft hber eeds rtuctoubratei neidsg enaelrlsymi irl a
tot haftuo ndi no hters tduise,b uti ti sb oht diffaunsdde y nmaic
owintgot hpere esnrta peixdnp asioonf tbhreeed. Theraer ech nages
tkainpgl aicnet hhee rcdo pmostoiino ft hmea ojrb rereds'he eradnsd
mannye wh ersd havyee tto f nidt heilvree li n et shrtutcur. e
Conisdebrlaee mpahsihsa bs eenp alcde ont hue soef imported
animailns tdhveee lmoepnotf t hber e.e Odfa lhle rdrse gtiesnrgii n
Volmue6 1o ft hhee rbdo ok2,05 .%u seidm podr striee,sa ndt hpee rcentage
ofg eneisnt he ebdir ne1 966d/e6vr7ei df rmo aniamlism protde snice
186w3a s8 .54.
Them osti mpotranhte ridn 1 96h9a sa geentci conbturtiitoont he
breeod f2 1.9p ecrne tw,hi le ctohnebt uritionosf t hfeuo rn extm ost
imptoarnhte rwders e8 7.,28 .74,.a 7n d3 .p7e rcn et. Int hfeo ur­
genetorinap eidgrefermso w hicht hefsgeiu ersw erdee vrei,dt he
conbturitiono fi pmotreadn mialsw as 42.%4.T her eliaotnispbh ewteen
hersdi ez andi mproatncoef t hhee rwda sc onsid.e Hreerdddu roantw ias
alsdoi usscsde,i ns of ra asi tr elattoei smr pomveenotf tbhreeed.
The animwailt thh e hhetis rgealtionstoh iptb hree weads B lkalecg
(1.16%5 int h1e9 0p0e digsrapemlee .) Buotv real,t lhmeos ti mproatnt
animoavle trh pee ri1o09d0 -6169/w6a7sL ancoefrA dvieO.f t h3e3
iv
srieasn d9 damwsh soed riecrte loantsiihpasr e3 .%0 orm orei na nyo f
th8e s amlpey eras,1 9s rieasn d3 damwse riem ptoer.d
Thet toailbn reedining1 9/666(7b ea ysea1r8 6w3a)s1 .08%. This
cmoprisde 00.9c%ru renitnb ree,0d i9.n5gl%o gn-rtmei bnreeidn,ga nd
07.6s%rt aiinbn reedinTgh.ei ndoexfs budviiisocn alcudl farmto tehe
nonu-rcreanntdl ontgre-mi bnrenegdi is1 7.9i,n dincgat thiatth eries
onlya silghttne dentcwoya drsf mailfyom artionin t hbe re.e d
Thee fcftevieg neertaiolne ngitsah p pxrioamtye 5l6. yeras. About
5-056o%f t haen iamlsi nt h1e6 96/s6ma7pl ew eres riebdy b ul4l yse asr
olodr y onugre,w hilaeb outa r3e8 %mf draom4s y earorsy ouenr.g
Iti su nkleiyl thta theirsem ucghe nteci viaarotnib etween
hedrs. Thiissb eucasbeu llsf ormm aojrb reersd'h eersd are used
widye tlhorugohutthe breewdh ilaeb otu 80 cpeetnr ofs iraensd p3e7r
cenotfd masa rber eidn rhdeosh ter thatnh oen ei nw hicthh ewye re
used.
V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-The authorw ishest o thank mosts incerelhyi s supervisor,
ProfessoAr .L.Ra e for his invaluablaes sistancaned guidance
throughoutt hiss tudy and for helpfulc riticisimn the pre­
parationo f thist hesis.
Appreciatioins alsoe xpressedt o Mr A.B.P leasants for
his advicei n computingm atters.T he authori s alsogr ateful
to Ms RaynorE wartf or typing thism anuscript.
"Leownnt ciofnesstehda etah c yeahre l ectures
on birened,iandng eacyhe ahrer easleitsh ta
.hed oensot yecto pmleltyue dnesratdn it."
BrucWeal lcae,1 96. 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter �
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEWEMENTS V
LITS OFT ABLES ix
LISTO FF IGURES xi
LISTO FA PPENDICES xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 BREEDEXP A NSION 4
3 REVIEitl OFL ITERATURE 7
I. THE MEAS UREMENT OFI NBREEDINSGOME: THEORETICAL
CONISDERATIONS 7
II. ALTERANTIVAPEP ROACHEST OI NBREEDING 12
III. COEFFICIENTSO FR ELATNISOHIP 17
·
A. Relationshicpo efficientbse tweenc ollateral
18
relatives
B. 18
Directr elationships
IV. THE MEASURE!1E.NTO FI NBREEDIINNGC OMPLEXP EDIGREES 19
V. THE EFFECTOSFI NBREEDING 23
A. Evidenceo f inbreedindge pressioinn farm animals 24
B.
Explanations of inbreedindge pressioannd hybrid
27
vigour
VI. STUDIEOSF G ENETIC CHANGESI NL IVESTOCKP OPUATLIONS 29
4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 33
I. METHODS 33
II. DATA 37
'
I
Chpater
�
5 40
GENEriC ANALYSIS
I. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPORTATIONS 40
48
II . AMOUNTO F INBREEDING
56
I II. HOMOGENEITY OF THE BREED
65
IV. GENERATION LENGTH
75
V. ll1PORTANT HERDS
Getniecco ntriobfui tmipoonrh teanrtd s 83
A.
Imporatnianmta ls 87
B.
6 93
BREEDS TRUCTURE
7 99
REGIS·rRATIOPNR ACTICES
110
I. HERD SIZE
150
I I. THE USE OF IMPO RTED STOCKB Y NEW-ZEALAND HERDS
I II. THE USE OF BULLS FROM PROMINENTN EW ZEAL.ANDHE RDS 170
101
IV. HERD DDRATION
8 131
DISCUSSION
122
BIBLIOGRPAHY
ix
LIST TABLES
OF
Table
�
2.1 Porpoorntaiitnec reianns umebesr o ff emarleiegss tered
per andn umbeorf h erddrusi nsgve epne rioofd s
annum
ti.m e 6
3·3 Theef feocfit nr beiendogn b dyo-wieghta nmdi lykil ed. 25
3·4 Ibnrdeienangd s ubdsiinvoo ift hpeu rbeer esdo fl ievsotkc.
30
Porprotioofnt hree igsrtatiionnlcusd iende acsham p.l e 39
Numebsro fA ngcQast tiplmreot eidn to ZeNaelwdan rudi ng
ten-ypeeiarosrdf ro1m683 t o1 795. 42
�ngiumsp ort1a6t83i-9o167nd sit sriebdua tccortdoi ng
couyno tfro riingan dy eaorfe nyti rntNoe Zwe al.an d 43
53. Theef feocftt h dei ffeirmepnotr toantt ihobeenr sea dt
teynae rliyn rtvesal. 44
5-4 Theex ntteo fc urriebnnrtede inigne itghs malpey ears
fotrh Nee Zwae lanpde idrgeAen Qg.s 49
55- Extenotf c urriebnnrtde ienigno htecra ttblerees d. 51
5.6 Amounotf ttaioln beridenign e ighstam plyee afrostr h e
peidgreeA nguisn N eZwe al.an d 53
5-7 Inetr rseel oantsihanidpn on-cuirnrebeerndt,i s nugbdivided
intloog- nterman ds rtaiinn bdrieneigne ighsta l�epy ears
fotrh Nee Z}'lae lap.eniddgr eAen ug.s 58
Contribbuyit pmioorntasen dis m alttohn eo cnu-rrent
ibnerdeinangd i ntseerr elantsihtoiipe isnt hNee Zwe aland
peidgreAen gu.s 62
5.9 Numbero fi nrt esree lathiitopin secsnot ruitbebdy �he
sevmesonto fnta epperainigm ptoerandi maanldst hteh er e
mosotf taeppnae riNnegZw ae lanhde ridnse ighstam pel
yeafrostr h Nee Zwe alpanedid greeAn gus.
5.0 1 Avreaglene gtohfi nrtveablew teegne nernas.t io
5.11Pa rent-oifnftsaepslrvran idna gv ergaegneae triloengn th
fopre idgreAen gcuast tilnNe e Zwe laand. 67
5.2 1 Difrfeeenscb ewteetnh vea oruipsra enftf-sopriinntagesl rv
yearfsotrh Nee Zwae lapnedid greAen gus. 72
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