VHF and UHF antennas

314 Pages·1992·13.4 MB·English

by  Burberry

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SERIES 35
VHF and UHF
ANTENNAS
R. A. Burberry
Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of
the Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SERIES 35
Series Editors: Professor P. J. B. Clarricoats
Professor Y. Rahmat-Samii
Professor J. R. Wait
VHF and UHF
ANTENNAS
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 1 Geometrical theory of diffraction for electromagnetic waves
G. L James
Volume 2 Electromagnetic waves and curved structures L. Lewin,
D. C. Chang and E. F. Kuester
Volume 3 Microwave homodyne systems R. J. King
Volume 4 Radio direction-finding P. J. D. Gething
Volume 5 ELF communications antennas M. L. Burrows
Volume 6 Waveguide tapers, transitions and couplers R Sporleder and
H. G. Linger
Volume 7 Reflector antenna analysis and design P. J. Wood
Volume 8 Effects of the troposphere on radio communications
M. P. M. Hall
Volume 9 Schumann resonances in the earth-ionosphere cavity
P. V Bliokh, A. P. Nikolaenko and Y. F. Flippov
Volume 10 Aperture antennas and diffraction theory E. V. Jull
Volume 11 Adaptive array principles J. E. Hudson
Volume 12 Microstrip antenna theory and design J. R. James, P. S. Hall
and C. Wood
Volume 13 Energy in electromagnetism H. G. Booker
Volume 14 Leaky feeders and subsurface radio communications
P. Delogne
Volume 15 The handbook of antenna design, Volume 1 A. W. Rudge,
K. Milne, A. D. Olver, P. Knight (Editors)
Volume 16 The handbook of antenna design, Volume 2 A. W Rudge,
K. Milne, A. D. Olver, P Knight (Editors)
Volume 17 Surveillance radar performance prediction P. Rohan
Volume 18 Corrugated horns for microwave antennas P. J. B. Clarricoats
and A. D. Olver
Volume 19 Microwave antenna theory and design S. Silver (Editor)
Volume 20 Advances in radar techniques J. Clarke (Editor)
Volume 21 Waveguide handbook N. Marcuvitz
Volume 22 Target adaptive matched illumination radar D. T. Gjessing
Volume 23 Ferrites at microwave frequencies A. J. Baden Fuller
Volume 24 Propagation of short radio waves D. E. Kerr (Editor)
Volume 25 Principles of microwave circuits C. G. Montgomery,
R. H. Dicke, E. M. Purcell (Editors)
Volume 26 Spherical near-field antenna measurements J. E. Hansen
(Editor)
Volume 27 Electromagnetic radiation from cylindrical structures
J. R. Wait
Volume 28 Handbook of microstrip antennas J. R. James and P. S. Hall
(Editors)
Volume 29 Satellite-to-ground radiowave propagation J. E. Allnutt
Volume 30 Radiowave propagation M. P. M. Hall and L. W. Barclay
(Editors)
Volume 31 Ionospheric radio K. Davies
Volume 32 Electromagnetic waveguides: theory and application S. F. Mahmoud
Volume 33 Radio direction finding and superresolution P. J. D. Gething
Volume 34 Electrodynamic theory of superconductors S.-A. Zhou
VHF and UHF
ANTENNAS
R. A. Burberry
Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
Published by: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, United Kingdom
© 1992: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,
or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or
transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission
in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in
accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be
sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
Peter Peregrinus Ltd.,
Michael Faraday House,
Six Hills Way, Stevenage,
Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom
While the author and the publishers believe that the information and
guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own
skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the author nor the
publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused
by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is
the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is
disclaimed.
The moral right of the author to be identified as author of this work has
been asserted by him/her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 86341 269 6
Contents
Attributions ix
1 Introduction 1
2 The dipole 3
2.1 The centre-fed dipole 3
2.1.1 Radiation patterns 3
2.1.2 Impedance 3
2.1.3 The folded dipole 14
2.1.4 The sleeve dipole 19
2.1.5 Vee dipole 20
2.1.6 The coaxial dipole 20
2.2 Stacked dipoles 22
2.3 The asymmetrical dipole 22
2.4 References 23
3 Monopole antennas 24
3.1 Effects of flat ground plane 24
3.1.1 Impedance 24
3.1.2 Radiation pattern 25
3.2 Top-loaded monopole 30
3.2.1 Impedance 31
3.3 Shunt-fed monopole 34
3.3.1 Shunt-fed top-loaded monopole 34
3.3.2 Notch-fed plate 37
3.4 Folded monopoie 37
3.4.1 Open folded monopole 38
3.5 Sleeve monopoles 39
3.5.1 Bent sleeve 42
3.5.2 Broadband sleeve 43
3.5.3 Double-band sleeve antenna 44
3.5.4 Monopole on large sleeve 47
3.6 Non-circular monopoles 49
3.7 Sidefire helix 53
3.8 Monopole on cylinder 55
3.8.1 Radiation patterns 55
3.8.2 Impedance 56
3.9 References 58
4 The loop antenna 59
4.1 References 64
vi Contents
5 Slot antennas 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 The basic slot antenna (35
5.3 Cavity-backed slots 67
5.3.1 Methods of feeding 68
5.3.2 The pocket slot 73
5.3.3 Curved ground planes 74
5.3.4 Miscellaneous applications of cavity-backed slots 74
5.4 The slotted cylinder antenna 78
5.4.1 The circumferential slot 78
5.4.2 The axial slot 81
5.5 The annular slot antenna 87
5.6 References 89
6. The notch antenna 91
6.1 Principle of the notch antenna 91
6.2 Practical antennas 94
6.3 Radiation patterns 104
6.4 Calculation of notch parameters 106
6.5 Broadbanding 106
6.6 Notch-fed monopolc 107
6.7 Short notches 107
6.8 References 107
7 Directional antennas 108
7.1 Aperiodic reflectors 108
7.1.1 Plane sheet 108
7.1.2 Corner reflectors 113
7.1.3 Triangular mast 114
7.1.4 Elliptical cylinders 115
7.2 Parasitic elements 115
7.2.1 Yagi-Uda antennas 116
7.3 Backfire antennas 118
7.4 Helical antennas 120
7.4.1 Array of helices 124
7.4.2 Multiwirc helix 125
7.4.3 Zig-zag antenna 125
7.5 Sandwich-wire antenna 126
7.6 References 127
8 Broadband antennas 129
8.1 Omnidirectional antennas 129
8.1.1 Disconc 129
8.1.2 Wide-band bent sleeve dipole 135
8.1.3 Horizontally polarised antenna 135
8.2 Directional antennas 136
8.2.1 Frequency independent antennas 136
8.2.2 Equiangular spiral antenna 136
8.2.3 Archimedean spiral 141
8.2.4 Conical spiral 142
8.3 Combination antennas 145
Contents vii
8.4 Log-periodic antennas 146
8.4.1 Log-periodic dipole arrays 147
8.4.2 Log-periodic monopole arrays 151
8.4.3 LPDA with shaped dipoles 151
8.5 References 152
9 Electrically-small antennas 154
9.1 The short dipole 155
9.1.1 Radiation resistance 155
9.1.2 Input reactance 156
9.1.3 Loss resistance 156
9.1.4 Pick-up of a short dipole 156
9.2 The short monopole 157
9.2.1 The transmission-line antenna 157
9.2.2 Top-loaded folded monopole 165
9.2.3 Top-loaded sleeve monopole 167
9.2.4 Short monopole with top-loading and inductive loading 168
9.3 The small loop 169
9.3.1 Resistively-loaded loops 172
9.4 The short notch 173
9.5 References 173
10 Bodyborne antennas 174
10.1 Introduction 174
10.2 Characteristics of the human body 174
10.3 Man and antenna 176
10.3.1 Pack-set antennas 177
10.3.2 Handset antennas 180
10.3.3 Concealed antennas 182
10.4 Antennas for radio tracking animals 183
10.5 Simulation of the human body 185
10.6 References 186
11 Direction finding antennas 187
11.1 Azimuth systems 187
11.1.1 Fixed DF systems 187
11.1.2 Mobile DF systems 192
11.1.3 Circular arrays 193
11.2 Tracking in two planes 194
11.2.1 Interferometers 195
11.3 References 198
12 Mobile antennas 199
12.1 Antenna siting 199
12.1.1 Vehicular constraints 200
12.1.2 Siting procedure 201
12.2 Land vehicles 201
12.2.1 Cars and vans 201
12.2.2 Other wheeled civil vehicles 206
12.2.3 Military vehicles 206
12.2.4 The vehicle as an antenna 208
viii Contents
12.2.5 Railway vehicles 209
12.3 Marine antennas 209
12.4 Aircraft antennas 210
12.4.1 Antenna coverage 210
12.4.2 Siting constraints 211
12.4.3 Effects of the airframe 214
12.4.4 Antennas for missiles, rockets and targets 232
12.4.5 Antennas for satellites 234
12.5 References 238
13 Feed systems- 241
13.1 Cabling 241
13.2 Baluns" 242
13.3 Power dividers 247
13.3.1 Rat races 247
13.3.2 The Bagley polygon 249
13.3.3 The Wilkinson power-divider 249
13.3.4 Parallel-line couplers 249
13.4 Phase shifters 249
13.5 References 249
14 Performance prediction 251
14.1 Introduction 251
14.1.1 Accuracy 251
14.1.2 Time scale 252
14.1.3 Costs 252
14.2 Impedance prediction 253
14.3 Numerical electromagnetics code—method of moments 253
14.4 Geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) 255
14.5 Simplified mathematical modelling 257
14.6 A simple diffraction method 261
14.7 Combined NEC-GTD programmes 262
14.8 References 262
15 Antenna measurements 264
15.1 Antenna specifications 264
15.1.1 Measurement parameters 264
15.2 Impedance measurements 265
15.2.1 Ground planes and mock-ups 267
15.2.2 VSWR measurements 270
15.3 Radiation pattern measurements 273
15.3.1 Outdoor test ranges 273
15.3.2 Indoor test ranges 283
15.3.3 Displaying radiation pattern measurements 288
15.4 Gain measurements 290
15.4.1 Definitions of gain and directivity 290
15.4.2 Direct measurement of gain 291
15.5 Measurement under environmental conditions 294
15.6 References 295
Appendix 1: Calculation of loss resistance 297
Index 298
Attributions
Where illustrations have been taken from source documents not published by
the IEE, this is shown on the relevant diagram by the words 'Reference X'. The
reference number refers to the particular chapter to which the diagram belongs:
thus Reference 7 on Fig. 2.3 implies the 7th reference of Chapter 2, in this
instance Schelkunoff. The exceptions are for illustrations taken from two papers
by the author, not referenced, and published by the Royal Aeronautical Society.
These are identified by the words 'Courtesy RAeS\
Textual references are in the form 'according to Y [Ref X]'.