Veterinary Virology

641 Pages·1999·76.12 MB·English

by  Frederick A. Murphy

V E T E R I N A R Y
V I R O L O G Y
Third Edition
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VETERINARY
VIROLOGY
Third Edition
Frederick A. Murphy
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
E. Paul J. Gibbs
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Marian C. Horzinek
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Utrecht University
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Michael J. Studdert
School of Veterinary Science
University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
An Imprint of Elsevier
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Cover illustration: Rabies encephalitis. Two hallmarks of street rabies virus infection
are minimal cytopathology of infected neurons and minimal inflammatory infiltration into
the neuropil. Here, in a thin section of part of the cytoplasm of a neuron in the
hippocampus of a hamster inoculated intracerebrally 6 days earlier with a street rabies
virus, the architecture of cellular organelles appears nonlaal, but some of the cytosol has
been displaced by aggregated viral nucleocapsids (smoothly granular areas; seen by light
microscopy as Negri bodies). Large numbers of bullet-shaped virions are evident
budding from adjacent endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Thin-section electron
microscopy; uranyl acetate and lead citrate stain; magnification X 25,000.
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ~)
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Library of Congress Catalog, Card Number: 99-60582
ISBN-13:978-0-12-511340-3
ISBN-10:0-12-511340-4
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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This book is dedicated to our dear friends, Frank J. Fenner and David O. White, the
founders of the series of books that now includes three editions of this book and four editions
of "Medical Virology." They set a standard of scholarship that is impossible to match and a joie
de vivre that made the Writing and editing almost fun.
They taught us that the subject of virology must be seen within the context of society as a
whole as well as within the context of science. They envisioned virology as being so broad as to
extend from its roots as a microbiological science, a molecular and cell biological science, an
infectious disease science, to become a major contributor to the overall advance of human and
animal well-being. All this as a single seamless cloth. We hope our students will come to
understand the "big picture" of veterinary and medical virology as well as Frank and David
have throughout their amazing careers.
We would also like to dedicate this book to our families, our teachers and mentors, and
our students, all of whom have shaped our thinking and provided our inspiration over the years
in so many ways.
Frederick A. Murphy
E. Paul J. Gibbs
Marian C. Horzinek
Michael J. Studdert
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CONTENTS
Dedication
V
Preface ix
II
PART I: PRINCIPLES oF VIROLOGY
1. The Nature of Viruses as Etiologic Agents of Veterinary and
Zoonotic Diseases
2. Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature 23
3. Viral Replication 43
4. Viral Genetics and Evolution 61
5. Virus-Cell Interactions 81
6. Mechanisms of Infection and Viral Spread through
the Body 93
7. Determinants of Viral Virulence and Host
Resistance / Susceptibility 111
8. Immune Response to Viral Infections 127
9. Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases" Viral Strategies and Host
Defense Mechanisms 145
10. Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases" Representative Model Diseases 161
11. Mechanisms of Viral Oncogenesis 177
12. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases 193
13. Vaccination against Viral Diseases 225
14. Epidemiology of Viral Diseases 245
15. Surveillance, Prevention, Control, and Eradication
of Viral Diseases 259
PART II: VETERINARY AND ZOONOTIC VIRAL DISEASES
16. Poxviridae 277
17. Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae 293
18. Herpesviridae 301
19. Adenoviridae 327
20. Papovaviridae 335
21. Parvoviridae 343
vii
viii Contents
22 Circoviridae 357
23 Retroviridae 363
24 Reoviridae 391
25 Birnaviridae 405
26 Paramyxoviridae 411
27 Rhabdoviridae 429
28. Filoviridae 447
29. Bornaviridae 455
30. Orthomyxoviridae 459
31. Bunyaviridae 469
32. Arenaviridae 485
33. Coronaviridae 495
34. Arteriviridae 509
35. Picornaviridae 517
36. Caliciviridae 533
37. Astroviridae 543
38. Togaviridae 547
39. Flaviviridae 555
40. Prions" Agents of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 571
41. Other Viruses" Hepadnaviridae, Deltavirus 581
42. Viral Diseases by Animal Species 585
Glossary 601
Index 615
PREFACE
The aim of "Veterinary Virology" is to present thology and immunity, their laboratory diagnosis, and
the fundamental principles of virology to students of their epidemiology, prevention, and control.
veterinary medicine and related medical, biomedical, In order to focus on major virologic concepts and
ecological, environmental, and comparative medical sci- mechanisms that form the bases for our understanding
ences. It will also serve as a useful resource for clinicians, of specific clinical diseases, minutiae have been omitted
teachers, and those involved in research in many related and much of the factual information is consolidated into
fields of comparative medicine. The pace of change since tables and figures. Likewise, statements are not individu-
the previous edition has been so great that the book ally supported by citation of research papers; however,
has been completely rewritten and greatly expanded. selective lists of authoritative books, reviews, and some
Coverage of zoonotic viruses and the diseases they cause key recent papers are provided at the end of each chapter
has been expanded as has coverage of the viruses and to simplify the reader's entry into the virologic and infec-
viral diseases of laboratory animals, poultry, fish, and tious disease literature.
wildlife. We have tried to weave the concept of new, The pattern of producing "Veterinary Virology"
emerging, and reemerging viral diseases into the fabric and its companion volume "Medical Virology" involves
of the book, reflecting the new perspective this concept alternating research, writing and editing between the
has brought to veterinary and zoonotic virology and two, with the authors' sense of the advances in the
related fields. science pertaining to veterinary medicine being incor-
The arrangement of the previous editions has been porated into one volume and at the same time into
retained, but our account of the molecular biology of the files from which the next volume pertaining to
viral infections is much more detailed and more thor- human medicine is initiated; and, then, vice versa. Of
oughly integrated into the overall subject. Similarly, our course, this system pertains mostly to Part I and to
account of viral genetics, phylogeny, and evolution has the first part of each chapter in Part II of each book.
been expanded and has become a more integral part of We believe that this cross-fertilization between the
the book. This, of course, is built on accurate and up- veterinary and human medical sciences is a valuable
to-date viral taxonomic usage. The classification and and unique aspect of these volumes and a useful
nomenclature decisions of the International Committee foundation for the concept of comparative medicine.
on Taxonomy of Viruses, to May 1998, have been incor- Comparative medicine, in our view, is a powerful
porated in this new edition. impetus in advancing both human and animal health.
Part I presents an overview of the principles of Thus, this book has as its base the fourth edition of
animal virology, starting with the viruses themselves and "Medical Virology" published in 1994. In turn, this
progressing to the infections they cause at the level of volume will serve as a foundation for the fifth edition
the cell, the individual animal host, and the host popula- of "Medical Virology."
tion. The emphasis is on pathogenesis, that is the events We would like to acknowledge the help of the
in the war between virus and host that we see as acute, many colleagues who in so many ways have helped us
chronic-persistent, and more subtle forms of disease. Our in preparing this book: this has ranged from discussions
focus on pathogenesis naturally leads to emphasis on on the qualities and shortcomings of the earlier editions
subjects pertaining to the host response to infection and and expectations for this edition, to the provision of new
to the means of intervening in the course of infection: information from ongoing research work, to insights
immunology, diagnostics, vaccinology, epidemiology, into the future of the science and its integration into
prevention, and control. clinical practice. We also acknowledge the help of many
Part II is arranged by virus family, with major colleagues with the illustrations used throughout this
subsections in each chapter providing more specific in- book. Without all this help we would not have had the
formation about the viruses, their classification, their incentive to revise the book to the extent that we hope
molecular properties and their replication, and on the is evident. In this regard, we would also like to acknowl-
important veterinary and zoonotic diseases caused by edge the help of Our teachers and our students who
specific viruses. The diseases are covered from the per- in their own ways have provided life-long incentives.
spective of their clinical features, their pathogenesis, pa- Veterinary students, graduate students, and postdoctoral
/x