Veterinary technician's large animal daily reference guide

461 Pages·2014·33 MB·English

by  Sjogren

Veterinary Technician’s
Large Animal Daily
Reference Guide

Veterinary Technician’s
Large Animal Daily
Reference Guide
Amy D’Andrea BS, MEd, CVT, VTS (EVN)
,
New England Institute of Technology
Veterinary Technology Program
Warwick, RI
Jessica Sjogren BS in Veterinary Technology, CEST
,
Emergency Technologist
VCA South Shore Animal Hospital
South Weymouth, MA
This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Veterinary technician’s large animal daily reference guide / [edited by] Amy D′Andrea, Jessica Sjogren.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8138-1621-0 (softback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-69478-7 – ISBN 978-1-118-69484-8 –
ISBN 978-1-118-69488-6 – ISBN 978-1-118-69499-2 (Pub) – ISBN 978-1-118-69502-9 (Mobi)
I. D′Andrea, Amy. II. Sjogren, Jessica.
[DNLM: 1. Veterinary Medicine–methods–Handbooks. 2. Animal Technicians–Handbooks. SF 748]
SF981
636.089–dc23
2013010434
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Cover images: © istock image; Left: Brzi; Center: LazingBee; and Right: R.J. Seymour.
Cover design by Nicole Teut
Set in 10/12 pt Berling by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2014
Contents
Contributors xi Common Diseases and Disorders of the Hoof 60
Preface xiii Lameness Grading Scale 61
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 3: Nutrition 63
Chapter 1: Anatomy 3 Ashley Moulton
Amy D’Andrea and Jessica Sjogren with
The Importance of Nutrition 64
illustrations by Nathan Davis
Vitamins 65
Introduction 3 Minerals 67
Systems Overviews 4 Nutritional Deficiencies 69
Nutritional Requirements for the Horse 76
Nutritional Requirements for the Dairy Cow 76
Chapter 2: Preventative Health Care 21
Nutritional Requirements for Beef Cattle 77
Amy D’Andrea and Jessica Sjogren
Nutritional Requirements for Sheep 77
Introduction 22 Nutritional Requirements for Swine 77
Physical Examinations 22
Large Animal History 23 Chapter 4: Internal Medicine 79
Preliminary Examination 24 Jessica Sjogren and Amy D’Andrea
Types of Physical Examinations 26
Cardiovascular 81
Physical Examination 27
Dermatology 88
Other Assessments 29
Endocrinology 93
Vaccinations 29
Gastroenterology 95
Guiding Principles for Vaccinating an Animal 29
Musculoskeletal 115
Adverse Reactions from Vaccinations 29
Neurology 121
Vaccine Categories 29
Ophthalmology 125
Equine Injection Sites 30
Respiratory 128
Vaccines for Preventing Fatal Diseases in Horses 31
Urology 137
Vaccines to Minimize Illnesses in Horses 35
Areas of Injection and Blood Draws in Cattle 44
Chapter 5: Reproduction 141
Dairy and Beef Cattle Vaccines 45
Katie Brown, Ryan Healy, and Maria Ferrer
Small Ruminant Vaccines 50
Areas of Injection in Swine 52 Introduction 143
Swine Vaccines 52 Female Reproductive Anatomy 144
Rabies 55 Male Reproductive Anatomy 146
Anthrax 58 Reproductive Parameters in the Male 149
Hoof Care 59 Ejaculatory Fractions in Boars and Stallions 149
v
Female Reproductive Physiology 150 Dystocia 170
Large Animal Reproductive Physiology 150 Signs of Dystocia in Large Animals 170
Phases of the Large Animal Estrous Cycle 151 Postpartum Complications 171
Large Animal Gestation 152 Retained Fetal Membranes 171
Male Breeding Soundness Examination 153 Uterine Prolapse 172
Genital Examination 153 Ketosis, Acetonemia, or Pregnancy Toxemia 172
Semen Collection Techniques 154 Displaced Abomasum 173
Semen Evaluation 155 Mastitis 173
Sperm Abnormalities 155 Initial Care of the Neonate 174
Minimum Acceptable Testicular Size in Vaccination Schedule for Breeding Stock 175
Satisfactory Potential Breeders 156 Core Vaccine Schedule for Previously
Minimum Acceptable Semen Quality in Vaccinated Horses 175
Satisfactory Potential Breeders 156 Risk-Based Immunizations during
Female Breeding Soundness Examination 157 Breeding/Pregnancy 176
Steps of the Female Breeding Soundness Recommended Vaccine Schedule for Cattle 177
Examination 157 Recommended Vaccine Schedule
Estrous Detection 158 for Small Ruminants 177
Estrous Detection Techniques 158 Recommended Vaccine Schedule for Swine 178
Behavioral Signs of Estrus in Large Animals 159
Artificial Insemination 159
Chapter 6: Nursing Care 179
Proper Timing, Dose, and Site of Semen
Barbara Dugan
Deposition during Artificial Insemination 160
Bovine Artificial Insemination Technique 161 Nutritional Support 181
Small Ruminant Artificial Insemination Methods 161 Enteral Nutrition 181
Swine Artificial Insemination 162 Enteral Nutrition Procedures 183
Equine Artificial Insemination 163 Enteral Feeding Procedures 184
Handling and Preparation of Frozen Semen Parenteral Nutrition 185
for Artificial Insemination 164 Pain Management 186
Pregnancy Diagnosis 164 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Earliest Time or Ideal Time Range (NSAIDs) That Are Commonly Used to
(Days Post-Ovulation) for Pregnancy Reduce or Alleviate Pain 187
Diagnosis in Large Animals 165 Alpha 2-Agonists Commonly Used to Reduce or
Abortion 165 Alleviate Pain 188
Common Causes of Abortion 166 Opioids Commonly Used to Reduce or
Management of Abortion 167 Alleviate Pain 189
Twin Reduction in Mares 168 Miscellaneous Drugs Commonly Used to Reduce
Parturition 168 or Alleviate Pain 190
Definition of the Stages of Parturition 168 Behaviors Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 191
Clinical Parameters of Parturition 169 Postures Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 191
vi CONTENTS
Gaits Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 192 Intravenous Administration (Jugular Vein)
Movements Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 192 for All Large Animal Species 229
Attitudes Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 193 Intramuscular Administration (Neck)
Vocalizations Suggesting Pain in Large Animals 193 for All Large Animal Species 230
General Appearances Suggesting Pain in Intravenous Blood Withdrawal for All Large
Large Animals 193 Animal Species 231
Physiologic Behaviors Suggesting Pain in
Large Animals 194
Appetite/Elimination Behaviors Suggesting
Chapter 7: Clinical Pathology 233
Pain in Large Animals 194
Sarah Ouellette
Levels of Pain Associated with Common
Procedures, Injuries, or Illnesses 194 Introduction 235
Parameters to Monitor in the Patient Blood Chemistry Tests 235
Receiving Pain Management 195 Blood Collection, Handling, Storage, and
Wound Care and Management 195 Transport Tips 236
Phases of Wound Healing 196 Blood Collection Tubes 237
Types of Wounds 197 Blood Chemistries 238
Methods of Wound Closure 198 Hematology 247
Treatment of Wounds 199 Complete Blood Count 247
Clinical Wound Care 201 Calculating a Differential 253
Wound Bandaging 202 Red Blood Cell Alterations and Morphology 253
Fluid Therapy and Administration 203 Parasites of Red Blood Cells 259
Hydration Assessment 204 White Blood Cell Morphology 259
Calculating Fluid Requirements 206 Toxic Changes in Neutrophils 260
Routes of Fluid Administration 207 White Blood Cell Alterations 261
Monitoring Fluid Administration 208 White Blood Cell Left Shift 262
Fluid Additives 209 Platelet Morphology 263
Basic Clinical Techniques 214 Platelet Alterations 263
Common Medication Administration Coagulation Tests 263
Techniques 214 Coagulation Screening 263
Intravenous Blood Withdrawal Techniques 218 Coagulation Tests 264
Nasogastric Intubation 220 Microbiology 266
Standing Wrap 222 Microbiology Collection, Handling, Storage, and
Distal Limb Bandage 223 Transport Tips 266
Full Limb Bandage 224 Collection Techniques 266
Robert Jones Bandage (Full Limb or Half Limb) 225 Handling and Storage Techniques 267
Splints 226 Commonly Used Culture Media 269
Abdominal Bandages 227 Culture Media Inoculation and Incubation 270
Oral Medication Administration 228 Evaluation of Culture Growth 271
CONTENTS vii
Staining Solutions and Procedures 271 Radius 316
Staining Procedures and Interpretations 272 Radius Radiography 316
Staining Problems 274 Tibia 318
Bacterial Identification 275 Tibia Radiography 318
Fungi Identification 280 Metacarpus (MCIII)/Metatarsus (MTIII) 320
Urinalysis 281 Metacarpus/Metatarsus Radiography 321
Gross Urine Examination 282 Cervical Spine 322
Preparation 283 Cervical Spine Radiography 322
Chemistry Strip Examination 284 Thorax 324
Sediment Examination 285 Thorax Radiography 324
Sediment Examination: Cellular Structures 286 Pelvis 326
Sediment Examination: Bacteria 287 Pelvis Radiography 326
Sediment Examination: Blood Cells 288 Skull 327
Sediment Examination: Casts 289 Guttural Pouch/Larynx/Pharynx 327
Sediment Examination: Crystals 291 Skull Radiography 327
Color plate is located between pages 256 and 257.
Chapter 8: Radiography of the Horse 295
Sheri Miller Chapter 9: Pharmacology 329
Patrick Hennigan
Introduction 296
Markers 297 Introduction 331
Positioning 297 Basic Calculations 331
Technique 297 Antifungal Drugs 332
Radiation Safety 298 Anti-Infective Drugs: Aminoglycosides,
Tranquilization 298 Cephalosporins, and Chloramphenicol 333
Foot 298 Anti-Infective Drugs: Fluoroquinolones,
Foot Radiography 299 Lincosamides, and Metronidazole 334
Fetlock 303 Anti-Infective Drugs: Penicillin, Sulfonamides,
Fetlock Radiography 303 and Tetracyclines 336
Carpus 306 Antiparasitic Drugs: Antinematodals 337
Carpus Radiography 306 Antiparasitic Drugs: Anticestodals 338
Tarsus 310 Cardiovascular Drugs: Antiarrhythmics 339
Tarsus Radiography 310 Cardiovascular Drugs: Anticoagulants and
Stifle 312 Calcium Supplements 340
Stifle Radiography 312 Cardiovascular Drugs: Contractility Enhancers
Elbow 314 and Positive Inotropes 341
Elbow Radiography 314 Renal and Urinary Tract Drugs: Diuretics 342
Shoulder 315 Renal and Urinary Tract Drugs: Acidifiers
Shoulder Radiography 315 and Alkalinizers 342
viii CONTENTS