Table Of ContentVeterinary Head and Neck Imaging
Veterinary Head and Neck Imaging
Peter V. Scrivani, DVM, DACVR
Associate Professor
Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine
Ithaca, New York, USA
This edition first published 2022
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Scrivani, Peter V. author.
Title: Veterinary head and neck imaging / Peter V. Scrivani.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022.
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021027297 (print) | LCCN 2021027298 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119118596 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119118626 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119118602 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Diagnostic Imaging–veterinary | Head–diagnostic imaging |
Neck–diagnostic imaging | Animal Diseases–diagnostic imaging
Classification: LCC SF757.8 (print) | LCC SF757.8 (ebook) | NLM SF 757.8
| DDC 636.089/60754–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021027297
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021027298
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Courtesy of Peter V. Scrivani
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Alexander deLahunta, DVM, PhD (1932–2021). Always on my mind and forever in my heart.
vii
Contents
Preface xi
Section 1 Introduction to Head and Neck Imaging in Animals 1
1 Some Basic Concepts About Head and Neck Anatomy 3
1.1 Terms of Location, Orientation, and Movement 4
1.2 External Features of the Head and Neck 11
1.3 Overview of Neuroanatomic Localization During Neuroimaging 13
1.3.1 Divisions of the Central Nervous System 15
1.3.2 Neuroaxis Localization 20
1.3.3 Clinical Descriptors for the Location of Intracranial Abnormalities 26
References 32
2 Some Basic Concepts about Medical Imaging 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 What is an Image? 33
2.1.2 What is Medical Imaging? 34
2.2 Medical Imaging Devices 39
2.2.1 Imaging Technologies 39
2.2.2 Imaging Techniques, Applications, and Examinations 41
2.3 The Medical Image 47
2.3.1 Picture Elements and Volumetric Picture Elements 47
2.3.2 Representing Tissue Characteristics through the Grayscale 50
2.3.3 Resolution 52
2.4 Image Evaluation 56
2.4.1 Getting Started 56
2.4.2 Imaging Signs and Patterns 59
2.4.3 Image Evaluation 66
References 67
Section 2 Musculoskeletal Imaging 69
3 The Musculoskeletal System 71
3.1 Imaging Anatomy 71
3.1.1 Bone 71
3.1.2 Imaging Anatomy – Joints and Ligaments 90
3.1.3 Muscle and Tendons 96
3.1.3.1 Fascia and Fascial Compartments 111
viii Contents
3.2 Musculoskeletal Abnormalities 119
3.2.1 Developmental Malformations 120
3.2.1.1 Cranium, Face, and Craniocervical Junction 120
3.2.1.2 Vertebrae 126
3.2.2 Degenerative Diseases 131
3.2.2.1 Joints 132
3.2.2.2 Vertebrae 138
3.2.3 Inflammatory Diseases 138
3.2.3.1 Infectious 142
3.2.3.2 Noninfectious 146
3.2.4 Neoplasia 150
3.2.5 Nutritional, Metabolic, Toxic Diseases 162
3.2.6 Trauma 170
3.2.6.1 Soft- tissue Trauma 171
3.2.6.2 Fracture 173
3.2.6.3 Dislocation 183
References 190
4 Intervertebral Disks 198
4.1 Imaging Anatomy 198
4.2 Intervertebral Disk Abnormalities 200
4.2.1 Developmental Malformations 200
4.2.2 Infection/Inflammation 202
4.2.3 Trauma 204
4.2.4 Degeneration 208
4.2.5 Herniation 214
References 236
Section 3 Nervous System Imaging 241
5 Cerebrospinal Fluid 243
5.1 Imaging Anatomy 243
5.2 CSF Production, Absorption, and Flow 246
5.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities 250
5.3.1 Intra- Axial Fluid Accumulations 251
5.3.2 Extra- Axial Fluid Accumulations 268
5.3.3 Intramedullary Fluid Accumulations 272
5.3.4 Extramedullary Fluid Accumulations 275
References 285
6 The Central Nervous System 289
6.1 Imaging Anatomy 289
6.2 Brain and Spinal- Cord Abnormalities 297
6.2.1 Imaging Patterns of CNS Disease 297
6.2.1.1 Some Additional Imaging Signs 300
6.2.1.2 Contrast Enhancement 302
6.2.2 Secondary Intracranial Abnormalities 308
6.2.2.1 Intracranial Hypertension 308
6.2.2.2 Cerebral Edema 310
6.2.2.3 MRI Signs Induced by Seizures 313
6.2.2.4 Brain Herniation 314
