Table Of ContentVery High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
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A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster and Tokyo
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
E Engineering and Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster
Materials Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
Paris, and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 199
Very High Energy
Gamma Ray Astronomy
edited by
K.E.Turver
Department of Ph/sics, University of Durham,
Durham, U.K.
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy
Durham, U.K.
August 11-15, 1986
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (1986:
Durham)
Very high energy gamma ray astronomy.
(NATOASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 199)
"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Very High Energy Gamma
Ray Astronomy, Durham, U.K., August 11-15, 1986"-T.p. verso.
"Sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and the University of Durham"-
Pref.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes Index.
1. Gamma ray astronomy-Congresses. 2. Radio sources (Astronomy)-Congres
ses. 3. Nuclear astrophysics-Congresses. I. Turver, K. E. II. North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and
physical sciences; vol. 199.
QB471.N38 1986 523.01'97222 87-4641
ISBN-13:978-94-010-8205·1 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-3831-1
DOl: 10.10071978-94-009-3831-1
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© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland.
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
INVITED PAPERS
High Energy Radiation from the Young Pulsars 1
F. Graham Smith
X-Ray Emission from Mass Accreting Neutron Stars 7
J. Truemper
Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in UHE and VHE Gamma Ray Sources 23
K. Brecher
In Days of Yore 27
John V. Jelley
RAPPORTEUR PAPERS.
TeV and PeV Source Status 39
P.V. Ramana Murthy
Cygnus x-3 53
A.A. Watson
Source Mechanisms (Pulsars) 63
K.J. Orford
Source Mechanisms (Accretion Objects) 71
A.M. Hi1las
Techniques of TeV Astronomy 81
W.F. Fry
Statistical Analysis in High E~ergy Gamma Ray Astronomy 91
R.J. Protheroe
A Survey of Gamma Ray Facilities - Current and Planned 101
K.E. TUrver
vi CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTED PAPERS.
VHE Gamma Rays from Cygnus X-3 105
L. Resvanis, J. Learned, V. Stenger, D. Weeks J. Gaidos,
F. Loeffler, J .• Olson, T. Palfrey, G. Sembroski, C. Wilson,
U. Camerini, J. Finley, W. Fry, M. Jaworski, J. Jennings,
A. Kenter, R. Koepsel, M. Lomperski, R. Loveless, R. March,
J. Matthews, R. Morse, D. Reeder, P. Sandler, P. Slane and
A. Szentgyorgyi
Search for a 12.59 ms. Pulsar in Cygnus X-3 at E > 400 GeV 111
D.J. Fegan, M.F. Cawley, K. Gibbs, P.W. Gorham,
R.C. Lamb, N.A. Porter, P.T. Reynolds,
V.J. Stenger and T.e. Weekes
Further Evidence for the Emission of 1000 GeV Gamma Rays
with 12 ms Periodicity from Cygnus X-3 115
P.M. Chadwick, N.A. Dipper, J.C. Dowthwaite,
T.J.L. McComb, K.J. Orford and K.E. Turver
Simultaneous Measurements of VHE Gamma Rays from Hercules X-I 121
P.M. Chadwick, N.A. Dipper, I.W, Kirkman, T.J.L. McComb,
K.J. Orford and K.E. Turver
TeV Observations of Her X-I at the Whipple Observatory: 1984-1985 125
P.W. Gorham, M.F. Cawley, D.J. Fegan, K.G. Gibbs,
R.C. Lamb, N.A. Porter, V.J. Stenger and T.C. Weekes
VHE Gamma Rays from Her X-I in June-July 1985 1)1
L. Resvanis, J. Learned, V. Stenger, D. Weeks J. Gaidos,
F. Loeffler, J. Olson, T. Palfrey, G. Sembroski, C. Wilson,
U. Camerini, J. Finley, W. Fry, M. Jaworski, J. Jennings,
A. Kenter, M. Lomperski, R. Loveless, R. March, J. Matthews,
R. Morse, D. Reeder, P. Slane and A. Szentgyorgyi
VHE Gamma Rays from the X-Ray Pulsar 4UOl15+63 135
L. Resvanis, J. Learned, V. Stenger, D. Weeks J. Gaidos,
F. Loeffler, J. Olson, T. Palfrey, G. Sembroski, C. Wilson,
U. Camerini, J. Finley, W. Fry, M. Jaworski, J. Jennings,
A. Kenter, R. Koepsel, M. Lomperski, R. Loveless, R. March,
J. Matthews, R. Morse, D. Reeder, P. Sandler, P. Slane and
A. szentgyorgyi
Pulsed TeV Gamma Rays from 4U0115+63 139
R.C. Lamb, M.F. Cawley, D.J. Fegan. K.G. Gibbs,
A.G. Gregory, P.W. Gorham, D.A. Lewis, N.A. Porter,
V.J. Stenger and T.C. Weekes
Very High Energy Gamma Rays from the Vela Pulsar 143
P.N. Bhat, S.K. Gupta, P.V. Ramanamurthy, B.V. Sreekantan,
s.c. Tonwar and P.R. Vishwanath
CONTENTS vii
Very High Energy Gamma Rays from the Crab Pulsar 147
P.R.Vishwanath
The VHE Gamma Ray Light Curve of PSR0531 151
P.M. Chadwick, N.A. Dipper, I.W. Kirkman, T.J.L. McComb,
K.J. Orford and K.E. TUrver
VHE Gamma Rays from the Crab Pulsar 155
L. Resvanis, J. Learned, V. Stenger, D. Weeks, J. Gaidos,
F. Loeffler, J. 01son,T.Pa1frey, G. Sembroski, C. Wilson,
U. Camerini, J. Finley, W. Fry, M. Jaworski, J. Jennings,
A. Kenter, R. Koepsel, M. Lomperski, R. Loveless, R. March,
J. Matthews, R. Morse, D. Reeder, P. Sandler, P. Slane
and A. Szentgyorgyi
1000 GeV Gamma Rays from the 1.5 ms Pulsar 159
P.M. Chadwick, N.A. Dipper, I.W. Kirkman, T.J.L. McComb,
K.J. Orford, K.E. TUrver and S.E. Turver
Pulsed TeV Gamma Rays from Vela X-1 163
A.R. North, O.C. de Jager, B.C. Raubenheimer,
A.J. van Tonder and G. van Urk
Search for TeV Gamma Rays from the Galactic Plane
near Cygnus X-3 169
P.T. Reynolds, M.F. Cawley, D.J. Fegan, K.G. Gibbs,
R.C. Lamb, D.A. Lewis, N.A. Porter, T.C. Weekes
Observation of Cyg X-3 from October 1985
to May 1986 at Akeno 173
T. Kifune, M. Mori, T. Hara and K. Nishijima
Observations of Cygnus X-3 near lOlSev made
at Haverah Park: 1979-1985 179
P.J.V. Eames, A. Lambert, J.C. Perrett, R.J.O. Reid,
N.J.T. Smith, A.A. Watson and A.A. West
Further Studies of Underground Muons at Soudan 185
K. Ruddick
Search for Muons from the Direction of Cygnus X-3 189
G. Chardin on behalf of the FREJUS Collaboration
Underground Search for Particles from Cygnus X-3 193
G. Czapek, B. Hahn, W. Krebs, J. Lauber, H. Scheidiger
and P. Schlatter
Too Many Muons from Cosmic Accelerators? 197
R. Morse.
viii CONTENTS
The University of Durham New VHE Gamma Ray Telescopes 221
I. Carstairs, P.M. Chadwick, N.A. Dipper, E.W. Lincoln,
T.J.L. McComb, K.J. Orford and K.E. TUrver
The Haleakala Gamma Observatory 225
L. Resvanis, S. Tzamarias, G. Voulgaris, J. Learned,
V. Stenger, D. Weeks, J. Gaidos, F. Loeffler, J. Olson,
T. Palfrey, G. Sembroski, C. Wilson, U. Camerini, J. Finley,
M. Frankowski, W. Fry, M. Jaworski, J. Jennings, A. Kenter,
R. Koepsel, M. Lomperski, R. Loveless, R. March,
J. Matthews, R. Morse, D. Reeder, P. Sandler, P. Slane
and A. Szentgyorgyi
The Adelaide Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy Programme 231
R.W. Clay, S.D. Elton, A.G. Gregory, J.R. Patterson
and R.J. Protheroe
Hercules - A New Instrument for TeV Astronomy 235
T.C. Weekes, R.C. Lamb and A.M. Hillas
Characteristics of Cerenkov Images produced by Primary
Photons and Hadrons and by Local Muons 243
A.M. Hillas and J.R. Patterson
Optimizing the Design of High Energy Gamma Ray Telescopes 249
A.M. Hillas and J.R. Patterson
The Angular Resolution of the Haverah Park Array
for Ultra High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy 255
A. Lambert, J. Lloyd-Evans, J.C. Perrett and N.J.T. Smith
The UCD/FLWO Extensive Air Shower Array
at Mt. Hopkins Arizona 261
G.H. Gillanders, D.J. Fegan, P.K. McKeown and T.C. Weekes
UHE Gamma Ray Astronomy with the EAS-TOP Array
at the Gran Sasso 265
M. Aglietta, C. Castagnoli, A. Castellina,
B. D'Ettorre Piazzoli, W. Fulgione, P. Galeotti, G. Mannocchi,
C. Morello, L. Periale, G. Trinchera, P. Vallania, s. Vernetto,
G. Badino, L. Bergamasco" G. Cini, M. Dardo, G. Navarra,
P. Picchi and o. Saavedra.
UHE Gamma Ray Observations with the K.G.F. Air Shower Array 271
P.N. Bhat, S.G. Khairatkar, M.R. Rajeev, M.V.S. Rao,
S. Sinha, K. Sivaprasad, B.V. Sreekantan,
S.C. Tonwar, P.R. Vishwanath and K. Viswanathan
CONTENTS
UHE Gamma Ray Astronomy with the Buckland Park Array,a Review 275
D. Ciampa, R.W. Clay, C.L. Corani, P.G. Edwards,
J.R. Patterson and R.J. Protheroe
The Kiel EAS Experiment for Detecting UHE
Gamma Rays 281
O.C. Allkofer, M. Samorski and W. Stamm
Muons in Photon Induced Extensive Air Showers 285
M.W. Beard, P.R.Blake, A.D. Bullock, P.J. Edwards,
W.F. Nash and G.B. Stanley
Calculated Time Structure of Air Shower Fronts 289
A.M. Hillas
The Normal Kernel Density Estimator applied to
Gamma Ray Light Curves 295
O.C. De Jager, J.W.H. Swanepoel and B.C. Raubenheimer,
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 299
INDEX 303
PREFACE
An Advanced Research Workshop on Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy
and Related Topics was held at Durham, England during August 11-15 1986.
The meeting was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and
the University of Durham.
It is four years since the first Workshop dedicated to High Energy
Gamma Ray Astronomy was held at Ootacamund, India. At that meeting the
developments in Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy over a period of
more than 20 years were reported and the methodology, limitations,
improvements and prospects for further progess were discussed. The
possible requirement for a follow-up meeting was clear if the optimistic
future foreseen for the field at the Ooty meeting was correct. The
Durham meeting was suggested to fill this role. Although the
arrangements for the Durham meeting were discussed as long ago as 1983
with possible dates in 1984 or 1986, the eventual date in 1986 has
proved admirable and has coincided with a time when further advances
have been reported. An important feature of the proposal for the Durham
meeting was the emphasis on a series of Workshop sessions, the
conclusions of each to be summarized by a Rapporteur. The purpose of
these sessions was to provide a consensus view of many of the important
areas in the field at a time of increasing interest by the rest of the
astrophysics community. Although such sessions are difficult to arrange
the view of many participants was that they had fulfilled their role and
thanks are due especially to the participants who acted as Discussion
leaders and Rapporteurs
In these Proceedings we have grouped the Invited papers together
and have followed them with the seven Rapporteur papers. The short
Contributed papers conclude the report. No attempt to note verbatim the
discussions following the Invited or Contributed papers was made because
it was hoped that relevant points would be discussed in the Workshop
seesions.
The Workshop was made possible by the support of the NATO Science
Committee which is gratefully acknowledged. The success of the meeting
was due in part to the efforts of the two Organizing Committees. The
Organizing Committee reponsible for obtaining the financial support and
for the outline of the scientific programme comprised Dr J J Quenby, Dr
T C Weekes, Dr K E Turver and Professor A W Wolfendale FRS. The Local
Organizing Committee which was responsible for the day-to-day
