Ventilatory Support and Oxygen Therapy in Elder, Palliative and End-of-Life Care Patients

392 Pages·2020·6.571 MB·English

by  Antonio M. Esquinas, Nicola Vargas

Ventilatory Support and
Oxygen Therapy in Elder,
Palliative and End-of-Life
Care Patients
Antonio M. Esquinas
Nicola Vargas
Editors
123
Ventilatory Support and Oxygen
Therapy in Elder, Palliative and
End-of-Life Care Patients
Antonio M. Esquinas • Nicola Vargas
Editors
Ventilatory Support and
Oxygen Therapy in Elder,
Palliative and End-of-Life
Care Patients
Editors
Antonio M. Esquinas Nicola Vargas
Intensive Care Unit Geriatric and Intensive Geriatric Care
Hospital General Universitario Morales Azienda Ospedaliera S.Giuseppe Moscati
Meseguer Avellino
Murcia Italy
Spain
ISBN 978-3-030-26663-9 ISBN 978-3-030-26664-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26664-6
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Preface
Every day in clinical practice, we come across patients requiring care in a palliative
context or elderly patients with clinical characteristics or a legal prerogative of do-
not-intubate (DNI). Patients with respiratory failure can benefit from palliative use
of non-invasive ventilation (NIV)—not only in the sense of comfort care. Efforts
have been made in the past to consider this therapeutic approach as an integral part
of caring for all patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. Evidence from
international guidelines and consensus statements has shown that NIV can be
applied in a clinical context even out of the intensive care unit (ICU). This is pos-
sible if NIV is applied from a clinical, ethical, physiopathological, organizational,
and rehabilitative point of view.
This book serves as a platform to elaborate on all these aspects. This is the first
time a book assesses NIV in the palliative and elderly context in a very extensive
way. Special thanks to all international researchers, physicians, practitioners, and
amateurs of NIV who have contributed to this project.
Murcia, Spain Antonio M. Esquinas
Avellino, Italy Nicola Vargas
v
Contents
Part I P ulmonary Function and Physiology in Elderly
1 Spontaneous Breathing Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lorena Olivencia Peña, María Sevilla Martínez,
and Alberto Fernández Carmona
2 Gas Exchange and Control of Breathing in Elderly
and End-of-Life Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Annamaria Romano and Rosalba Romano
Part II Ventilatory Management Epidemiology and Trends Management
3 Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Respiratory Failure:
Impact of Chronic Lung Comorbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Filippo Luca Fimognari
4 Chronic Cardiac Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Elisa Salsano and Paquale Abete
5 The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly
Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Giampiero Foccillo
6 Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Florindo D’onofrio
Part III Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
7 Definitions, Criteria and Management of NIV for Very Old
Patients with Limitations to Respiratory Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Gonzalo Segrelles Calvo
8 Ventilatory Support and Oxygen Therapy in the Elderly
Palliative and End-of-Life Care Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Antonello Nicolini, Teresa Diaz de Teran, and Catia Cillòniz
vii
viii Contents
Part IV Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
9 NIV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Antonino Maffei
10 Oxygen Therapy and Nasal High-Flow Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Ipek S. Edipoglu and Yalim Dikmen
11 Medical Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Attilio De Blasio
12 Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Maurizio Marvisi, Laura Balzarini, Chiara Mancini,
and Sara Ramponi
13 Acute Chronic Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
María Sevilla Martínez, Lorena Olivencia Peña,
and Alberto Fernández Carmona
14 Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in Immunocompromised
Patients: The Role of Non-invasive Ventilation and High-Flow
Oxygen Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sammar R. Alsunaid and Ayman O. Soubani
15 Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Idiopathic
Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Battistina Farris
Part V Surgery and Chronic Stable Conditions
16 NIV After Cardiothoracic Surgery and Thoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . 125
Juan Carlos Lopez-Delgado, Gabriel Jesús Moreno-Gonzalez,
and Renzo Esteve Avila-Espinoza
17 Nocturnal NIV in COPD Patients with Prolonged Hypercapnia
After Ventilatory Support for Acute Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Alberto Fernández Carmona, María Sevilla Martínez,
and Lorena Olivencia Peña
Part VI C omplementary Use of NIV
18 Use of NIV in Non-surgery Procedures in Elderly (Sedation,
Bronchoscopy, Gastroscopy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Raffaele Scala
19 Use of NIV in Surgery Procedures in Elderly
(Noninvasive Surgery): Continuous Spinal Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Zehra Hatipoglu and Dilek Ozcengiz
Contents ix
Part VII Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
20 Mechanical Ventilation-Specific Surgery Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Laura Juez Garcia and Ana Sanchez Fernandez
21 Extubation and Reintubation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Maria Vargas, Giuseppe Servillo, and Aniello Acampora
22 Ventilatory Modes: Pressure Support Ventilation and Other
Ventilatory Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Pasquale Buonanno, Maria Vargas, and Giuseppe Servillo
Part VIII Weaning and Management
23 Weaning Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Pasquale Buonanno, Maria Vargas, and Giuseppe Servillo
24 Rehabilitation in Critical Illness and Palliative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Énio Pestana
25 Sedation and Analgesia in Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Luigi Vivona, Maria Vargas, and Giuseppe Servillo
26 Management of Elderly Patients with Delirium Syndrome . . . . . . . . . 227
Andrea Fabbo and Barbara Manni
Part IX D ischarge and Home Mechanical Ventilation
27 Home Discharge: Planning, Policies, and Impact on Hospital
Admission and Outcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Sven Stieglitz
28 Home Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Sven Stieglitz
29 The Role of Non-invasive Home Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly
Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Szymon Skoczyński and Patrycja Rzepka-Wrona
Part X Ventilatory Management in Outcome
30 Predictors of Outcome of NIV in Elder, Palliative,
and End-of-Life Care Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Francesco Panero and Franco Aprà
31 Prognosis Following Acute Exacerbation of COPD Treated
with Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Roberto Bernabeu-Mora
x Contents
32 Readmission Elderly Critically Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Mohammed AlAhmari
Part XI V entilatory Management in End Life Applications
33 End-of-Life Care of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary
Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
A. Micco, A. Di Sorbo, and M. Del Donno
34 The Hospital Organisation for the Management of Acute
Respiratory Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Loredana Tibullo, Barbara Bonamassa, and Nicola Vargas
35 Hospital Organisations of ARF in Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Loredana Tibullo and Fernando Gallucci
36 NIV in Palliative Medicine and End-of- Life Care: The Perspectives
of Patients, Families and Clinicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Elif Erdogan and Yalim Dikmen
37 Legal Issues (Surrogacy Laws, Informed Consent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Andrea Fabbo
Part XII Ventilatory Management in Palliative Medicine
38 Neuromuscular Patients (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
and Other Conditions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Giuseppe Fiorentino, Antonio M. Esquinas, and Anna Annunziata
39 Non-neuromuscular Patients (Kyphoscoliosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Aslıhan Gürün Kaya, Aydın Çiledağ, and Akın Kaya
40 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
M. Del Donno, A. Di Sorbo, and A. Micco
41 Respiratory Failure and Critically Ill Cancer Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Stephen Richards and Kwok M. Ho
42 Recommendations for Noninvasive Ventilation on Survival
and Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Maria Vargas, Carlo Bussemi, and Carmine Iacovazzo
43 Quality of Life and Complications After Percutaneous
Tracheostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
M. Vargas and G. Servillo
44 The Concept of Quality of Life in Elderly Patients and Advanced
Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Barbara Bonamassa, Stella Troiano, and Maria Virginia Scafarto
45 Recommendations: European and Non-European Perspectives
About the use of NIV in the Palliative and Elderly Context . . . . . . . . . 409
Nicola Vargas and Antonio Esquinas
Part I
Pulmonary Function and Physiology in Elderly