Vehicle Powertrain Systems: Integration and Optimization

560 Pages·2011·16.294 MB·English

by  David Crolla, Behrooz Mashadi

VEHICLE POWERTRAIN
SYSTEMS

VEHICLE POWERTRAIN
SYSTEMS
Behrooz Mashadi
IranUniversityofScienceandTechnology
David Crolla
UniversityofSunderland,UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Mashadi,Behrooz.
Vehiclepowertrainsystems/BehroozMashadi,DavidCrolla.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-0-470-66602-9(cloth)–ISBN978-1-119-95836-9(ePDF)–ISBN978-1-119-95837-6
(oBook)–ISBN978-1-119-96102-4(ePub)–ISBN978-1-119-96103-1(Mobi)
1. Automobiles–Powertrains.2. Automobiles–Dynamics. I.Crolla,David
A.II.Title.
TL260.M372012
629.25’2–dc23 2011027302
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin9/11ptTimesNewRomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
This book is dedicated to Professor David Crolla
whopassedawayunexpectedlywhilethebookwasinproduction.Davidled
anunusuallyfullandproductivelifebothinworkandplay,achievinggreat
success and popularity. David was a leading researcher, an inspiring
teacher,anexcellentsupervisorofresearchpostgraduatesandafriendto
many.David’senergy,enthusiasmandirrepressiblehumourmadealasting
impression on me and everyone who knew him. He is sorely missed
and his essential contribution to the publication of this book will
always be remembered.

Contents
AbouttheAuthors xiii
Preface xv
ListofAbbreviations xvii
1 VehiclePowertrainConcepts 1
1.1 PowertrainSystems 1
1.1.1 SystemsApproach 1
1.1.2 History 2
1.1.3 ConventionalPowertrains 3
1.1.4 HybridPowertrains 3
1.2 PowertrainComponents 5
1.2.1 Engine 5
1.2.2 Transmission 5
1.2.3 VehicleStructure 5
1.2.4 SystemsOperation 6
1.3 VehiclePerformance 6
1.4 DriverBehaviour 8
1.5 TheRoleofModelling 9
1.6 AimoftheBook 10
FurtherReading 11
References 11
2 PowerGenerationCharacteristicsofInternalCombustionEngines 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 EnginePowerGenerationPrinciples 13
2.2.1 EngineOperatingModes 14
2.2.2 EngineCombustionReview 16
2.2.3 EngineThermodynamicsReview 18
2.2.4 EngineOutputCharacteristics 33
2.2.5 CylinderPressureVariations 34
2.3 EngineModelling 39
2.3.1 EngineKinematics 40
2.3.2 EngineTorque 49
2.3.3 ASimplifiedModel 58
2.3.4 TheFlywheel 66
viii Contents
2.4 Multi-cylinderEngines 70
2.4.1 FiringOrder 70
2.4.2 EngineTorque 72
2.4.3 Quasi-SteadyEngineTorque 79
2.5 EngineTorqueMaps 80
2.5.1 EngineDynamometers 80
2.5.2 ChassisDynamometers 82
2.5.3 EngineTorque-SpeedCharacteristics 83
2.6 MagicTorque(MT)FormulaforEngineTorque 91
2.6.1 ConvertingPartThrottleCurves 91
2.6.2 TheMTFormula 92
2.6.3 Interpretation 93
2.7 EngineManagementSystem 94
2.7.1 Construction 94
2.7.2 Sensors 95
2.7.3 MapsandLook-upTables 96
2.7.4 Calibration 98
2.8 NetOutputPower 98
2.8.1 EngineMechanicalEfficiency 99
2.8.2 AccessoryDrives 99
2.8.3 EnvironmentalEffects 100
2.9 Conclusion 109
2.10 ReviewQuestions 109
2.11 Problems 110
FurtherReading 112
References 113
3 VehicleLongitudinalDynamics 115
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 TorqueGenerators 115
3.2.1 InternalCombustionEngines 116
3.2.2 ElectricMotors 118
3.3 TractiveForce 118
3.3.1 TyreForceGeneration 119
3.3.2 MathematicalRelationsforTractiveForce 122
3.3.3 TractionDiagrams 127
3.4 ResistiveForces 129
3.4.1 RollingResistance 129
3.4.2 VehicleAerodynamics 134
3.4.3 Slopes 138
3.4.4 ResistanceForceDiagrams 139
3.4.5 CoastDownTest 141
3.5 VehicleConstantPowerPerformance(CPP) 141
3.5.1 MaximumPowerDelivery 141
3.5.2 ContinuousGear-RatioAssumption 142
3.5.3 GoverningEquations 144
3.5.4 ClosedFormSolution 147
3.5.5 NumericalSolutions 150
3.5.6 PowerRequirements 152