Vegetable oil-based polymers: Properties, processing and applications

343 Pages·2012·4.346 MB·English

by  Niranjan Karak

Vegetable oil-based polymers
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Vegetable oil-based
polymers
Properties, processing and applications
N. Karak
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
www.woodheadpublishingonline.com
Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia,
PA 19102-3406, USA
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First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Author contact details ix
List of abbreviations and symbols xi
Preface xix
Acknowlegement xxi
1 Fundamentals of polymers 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Classifi cation 3
1.3 Raw materials for polymers 10
1.4 Polymerisation process 11
1.5 Polymerisation techniques 14
1.6 Modifi cations 17
1.7 Characterisation 19
1.8 Structure and properties 20
1.9 Additives and processing 26
1.10 Applications 26
1.11 Future challenges for polymers 27
1.12 Revision questions 29
1.13 References 30
2 Biodegradable polymers 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Defi nition of biodegradable polymers 32
2.3 Background 33
2.4 Classifi cation 34
2.5 Factors affecting biodegradation 34
2.6 Approaches to biodegradable polymers 35
2.7 Biopolymers 36
2.8 Mechanisms of biodegradation 38
2.9 Biodegradation testing methods 40
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
2.10 Applications 48
2.11 Current status and future trends 49
2.12 Revision questions 51
2.13 References 51
3 Vegetable oils and their derivatives 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Classifi cation 55
3.3 Extraction 57
3.4 Purifi cation 60
3.5 Storage 62
3.6 Characterisation 62
3.7 Structure and properties 67
3.8 Vegetable oils used in industry and research
and development 80
3.9 Industrial oleochemicals 83
3.10 Applications 88
3.11 Revision questions 91
3.12 References 93
4 Vegetable oil-based polyesters 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Classifi cation 97
4.3 Raw materials 98
4.4 Preparation or resinifi cation 102
4.5 Modifi cation 109
4.6 Characterisation 114
4.7 Structure and properties 116
4.8 Applications 120
4.9 Revision questions 122
4.10 References 123
5 Vegetable oil-based poly(ester amide)s 126
5.1 Introduction 126
5.2 Materials and methods 127
5.3 Preparation or resinifi cation 128
5.4 Modifi cation 134
5.5 Curing 137
5.6 Characterisation 138
5.7 Structure and properties 139
5.8 Applications 141
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
5.9 Revision questions 143
5.10 References 144
6 Vegetable oil-based polyurethanes 146
6.1 Introduction 146
6.2 Classifi cation 148
6.3 Materials and methods 150
6.4 Preparation techniques 158
6.5 Modifi cation 165
6.6 Characterisation 166
6.7 Structure and properties 169
6.8 Applications 174
6.9 Revision questions 175
6.10 References 176
7 Vegetable oil-based epoxies 180
7.1 Introduction 180
7.2 Classifi cation 181
7.3 Materials and methods 181
7.4 Modifi cations 191
7.5 Curing 196
7.6 Characterisation 196
7.7 Structure and properties 198
7.8 Applications 202
7.9 Revision questions 204
7.10 References 205
8 Polyamides, polyolefi ns and other vegetable
oil-based polymers 208
8.1 Introduction 208
8.2 Materials and methods 209
8.3 Engineering polymers 211
8.4 Addition polymers 212
8.5 Structure and properties 219
8.6 Applications 222
8.7 Revision questions 223
8.8 References 223
9 Vegetable oil-based hyperbranched polymers 226
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 Comparison with conventional polymers 227
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9.3 Preparative methodology 228
9.4 Modifi cation 234
9.5 Characterisation 235
9.6 Structure and properties 236
9.7 Applications 242
9.8 Future trends and challenges 244
9.9 Revision questions 244
9.10 References 245
10 Vegetable oil-based polymer composites 247
10.1 Introduction 247
10.2 Classifi cation 249
10.3 Materials and methods 250
10.4 Testing and analysis 258
10.5 Performance of composites 259
10.6 Varieties of vegetable oil-based polymer composites 260
10.7 Applications 266
10.8 Concluding remarks 267
10.9 Revision questions 268
10.10 References 268
11 Vegetable oil-based polymer nanocomposites 271
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Signifi cance 272
11.3 Classifi cation 273
11.4 Comparison with conventional polymer composites 274
11.5 Nanomaterials 276
11.6 Preparative methodologies 279
11.7 Characterisation 281
11.8 Properties 284
11.9 Varieties of vegetable oil-based polymer nanocomposites 285
11.10 Applications 303
11.11 Concluding remarks 304
11.12 Revision questions 305
11.13 References 306
Index 311
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Author contact details
Corresponding address
Dr Niranjan Karak, Professor
Advanced Polymer and Nanomaterial Laboratory
Department of Chemical Sciences
Tezpur University
Napaam
Tezpur 784028
India
Home address
Managalpara
Nadasuli
Via-Satbankura
Midnapore (W)
721253, West Bengal
India
E-mail: [email protected]
ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012