Vasopressin: Principles and Properties

642 Pages·1987·17.024 MB·English

by  J. F. Morris, D. B. Chapman, H. W. Sokol (auth.), Don Marshall Gash, Gerard J. Boer (eds.)

Vasopressin
Principles and Properties
Vasopressin
Principles and Properties
EDITED BY
DON MARSHALL GASH
University oj Rochester Medical Center
Rochester, New York
AND
GERARD J. BOER
Netherlands Institute Jor Brain Research
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Vasopressin: principles and properties.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Vasopressin. I. Gash, Don M. 1945- . II. Boer, Gerard J. [DNLM: 1. Vasopressins-
physiology. WK 520 V3346]
QP572.V3V38 1987 612'.492 87-14209
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8131-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8129-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8129-1
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1987
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
PAUL F. ARAVICH, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
WILLIAM E. ARMSTRONG, Department of Anatomy, University of Tennessee
Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
KRZYSZTOF BANKOWSKI, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Ohio,
Toledo, Ohio 43699; and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of
Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
G. J. BOER, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO,
The Netherlands
R. M. BUlJs, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO,
The Netherlands
J. PETER H. BURBACH, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, University of
Utrecht, 3521 GD Utrecht, The Netherlands
D. B. CHAPMAN, Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford OX 1 3QX, England
ALLEN W. COWLEY, JR., Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
E. FLIERS, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO,
The Netherlands
DON M. GASH, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center for Brain
Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
14642
GEORGE A. HEDGE, Department of Physiology, West Virginia University Medical
Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
JAMES P. HERMAN, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Center for
Brain Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New
York 14642
J. E. HOOGENDIJK, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam
ZO, The Netherlands
LINDA J. HUFFMAN, Department of Physiology, West Virginia University Medical
Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
M. JOELS, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, University of Utrecht,
3521 GD Utrecht, The Netherlands
JELLEMER JOLLES, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychobiology, Clinical
Psychiatry, State University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The
Netherlands
v
VI Contributors
JEAN-FRANCOIS LIARD, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
MAURICE MANNING, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Ohio,
Toledo, Ohio 43699
J. F. MORRIS, Department of Human Anatomy, Oxford OX1 3QX, England
WILLIAM G. NORTH, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School,
Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
WILBUR H. SAWYER, Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Sur
geons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
CELIA D. SLADEK, Department of Neurology and Neurobiology and Anatomy,
University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
JOHN R. SLADEK, JR., Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
H. W. SOKOL, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover,
New Hampshire 03756
D. F. SWAAB, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO,
The Netherlands
GARTH J. THOMAS, Center for Brain Research, University of Rochester Medical
Center, Rochester, New York 14642
HEINZ VALTIN, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover,
New Hampshire 03756
FRED W. VAN LEEUWEN, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, 1105 AZ
Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands
J. B. WAKERLEY, Department of Anatomy, The Medical School, University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1T D, England
Preface
The concept for Vasopressin: Principles and Properties originated during the sum
mer of 1983. From reviewing the rich and diverse literature on vasopressin, it
became evident that the rapid advancements in this field made it difficult to syn
thesize the information gathered from divergent scientific disciplines into a
coherent view of the biological role of vasopressin. We perceived the need for a
series of critical reviews delineating this recent progress. Over the past decade,
major advances have been made in studies of the anatomy, physiology, phar
macology, molecular biology, and behavioral activities of vasopressin. This is, in
no small measure, due to the finding that vasopressin can no longer be regarded
solely as a neurohypophysial hormone. Our present knowledge is that vasopressin
also has an axonal messenger role in the nervous system and is synthesized in
sites outside of the brain, although the functions of vasopressin in these periph
eral sites are not well understood. In order to prepare an overview of vasopressin
concentrating on recent studies in vertebrates, authors were selected based on
their expertise and asked to review their research area, including the work from
other laboratories. It was our intent to provide an updated definitive reference
which would complement and extend such past texts as Neurohypophysial Hor
mones and Similar Polypeptides (Handbook ofE xperimental Pharmacology, Vol
ume XXIII, 1968) and The Pituitary Gland and Its Neuroendocrine Control
(Handbook of Physiology, Section 7: Volume IV, 1974).
The task of compiling this volume has been time consuming but truly enjoy
able. Each chapter has undergone an extensive review process by the editors,
often in consultation with additional referees. It has been a pleasure to work with
the authors, and we believe that each chapter reflects their outstanding scholar
ship. In addition, we thank Kirk Jensen, Mary Phillips Born, and Liz Geller of
Plenum Press for their patience and assistance. We hope that this volume will
prove to be of significant value to present and future investigators interested in
the principles and properties of vasopressin.
Don Marshall Gash
Gerard J. Boer
Rochester and Amsterdam
VII
Contents
Chapter 1
Anatomy and Function of the Classic Vasopressin-Secreting
Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System
J. F. MORRIS, D. B. CHAPMAN, AND H. W. SOKOL
1. Introduction. . . .......... .
2. Anatomy of the Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial Vasopressin
System .............. . 2
2.1. Early Studies ........................... . 2
2.2. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Production in Separate Neurons 3
2.3. Location of Neurons That Are the Source of Systemic Vasopressin 4
2.4. Cytoarchitecture of Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons ........ . 5
2.5. Function-Associated Changes in Magnocellular Neurons 12
3. Colocalization of Peptides in Vasopressinergic Neurons . . . .. . ..... . 13
4. Cell Biology of Magnocellular Vasopressin Secretion .............. . 16
4.1. Synthesis and Packaging of Vasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 16
4.2. Storage and Release of Vasopressin. . .. . .............. . 30
4.3. Role of Lysosomes in Magnocellular Neurons 42
5. Non-neuronal Elements and Neurosecretion ........... . 45
5.1. Hypothalamic Glial Cells and Neural Lobe Pituicytes .. 45
5.2. Blood Vessels ................................ . 47
6. Control of the Activity of Vasopressin Neurons. 47
6.1. Introduction and Technical Considerations ... 47
6.2. Long-Fiber Tract Afferents . . . . . . . . ..... . 48
6.3. Local Circuits in the Control of Vasopressin Neurons .. 58
6.4. Plasticity of the Synaptic Input to Magnocellular Neurons 60
6.5. Osmoreception: Are Vasopressin Neurons Osmoreceptors? 61
6.6. Other Nonsynaptic Inputs to Vasopressin Neurons. 63
6.7. Control of Vasopressin Release in the Neural Lobe ............ . 63
7. Conclusions 64
References 65
IX
x Contents
Chapter 2
Vasopressin Localization and Putative Functions in the Brain
R. M. BUIJS
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2. Vasopressin: From Hormone to Neurotransmitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3. Origin of the Vasopressinergic Fibers in the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.1. Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nucleus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis ......................... 99
3.4. Other Cell Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
4. Sexually Dimorphic Vasopressin Innervation of the Brain . . . . . . . . . .. 101
5. Putative Functions of Vasopressin in the Central Nervous System. . . .. 102
5.1. Parave~tricular Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
5.2. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
5.3. Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Medial Amygdala ...... 106
6. Coupling of Central and Peripheral Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
Chapter 3
Development of Vasopressin Systems and Their Functions
G. J. BOER
1. Introduction... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117
2. Ontogeny of the Vasopressin Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118
2.1. Hypothalamus-Neurohypophysial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
2.2. Paraventricular-Hypophysial Portal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134
2.3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
2.4. Other Exo- and Extrahypothalamic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 7
3. Fetal Hypothalamic Grafting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143
3.1. Magnocellular Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 145
3.2. Parvocellular Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148
4. Ontogeny of Hormonal Vasopressin Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
4.1. Osmoregulatory Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151
4.2. Cardiovascular Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
4.3. Corticotropic Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 156
4.4. Liver Glucogenolytic Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158
5. Circadian Rhythm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 158
6. Vasopressin: An Early Trophic Factor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
7. Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 164
Contents Xl
Chapter 4
Biosynthesis of Vasopressin and Neurophysins
WILLIAM G. NORTH
1. Structural Features of Products Secreted by Vasopressin Neurons. . . .. 176
2. Structure of Preprovasopressin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180
3. Post-translational Modification of Preprovasopressin ............... 186
4. Regulation of Vasopressin Biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 198
5. Production of Vasopressin and Neurophysins by Small-Cell Carcinoma
of the Lung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
References ............... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter 5
Electrophysiology of the Central Vasopressin System
J. B. W AKERLEY
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............. 211
2. Methodological Considerations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
2.1. Experimental Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
2.2. Recording Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 214
2.3. Cell Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3. General Electrophysiological Properties of Magnocellular Cells . . . . . .. 218
3.1. Resting Membrane Potentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
3.2. Synaptic Potentials .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
3.3. Action Potentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
3.4. Responses to Antidromic Stimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 221
4. Distinctive Electrophysiologica1 Properties of Magnocellu1ar
Vasopressin Cells: The Phasic Firing Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222
4.1. Parameters of Phasic Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
4.2. Cellular Specificity of the Phasic Firing Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224
4.3. Endogenous Control of Phasic Firing ........................ 225
4.4. Role of Extraneous Input in the Control of Phasic Firing . . . . . . .. 228
5. Electrophysiological Responses Associated with the Afferent Control of
Magnocellular Vasopressin Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
5.1. Effects of Osmotic Stimuli ................................. 228
5.2. Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233
5.3. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234
5.4. Activation of Atrial Stretch Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 235
5.5. Afferent Integration of Hemodynamic Stimuli ................ , 235
6. Electrical Activity and Hormonal Release in Magnocellular Vasopressin
Neurons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
6.1. Events in the Exocytotic Release Process ..................... 237
XlI Contents
6.2. Facilitation and Fatigue: Significance of Phasic Firing in the
Release Process .................................... . 238
6.3. Coordination of Release between Vasopressin Cells ........ . 240
6.4. Control at the Level of the Neurosecretory Terminal .... . 241
7. Electrophysiology of Extrahypothalamic Vasopressinergic Pathways 242
7.1. Antidromic Identification and Electrophysiological
Characteristics ..................................... . 242
7.2. Electrophysiological Responses and Mechanisms for Release in
Central Vasopressin Pathways ............................. . 244
7.3. Electrophysiology ofParvocellular Vasopressin Neurons in the
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus . . . . . . . .............. . 245
8. Conclusions ..... . 247
References ...... . 248
Chapter 6
Electrophysiological Actions of Vasopressin in Extrahypothalamic
Regions of the Central Nervous System
M. JOELS
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .......... . 257
2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . 258
2.1. Administration of Peptide .......... . 258
2.2. Recording of Peptide Effects ........ . 259
3. Electroencephalography ......... . ...... . 260
4. Single-Unit Activity ............ . 262
4.1. In Vivo Investigations. . . . . . . ...... . 262
4.2. In Vitro Investigations ............ . 265
5. Evaluation of the Various Effects ............ . 270
References ........................ . 272
Chapter 7
Effect of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides on Vasopressin
Release
CELIA D. SLADEK AND WILLIAM E. ARMSTRONG
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
2. Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in SON. . . . . 277
2.1. Acetylcholine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
2.2. Norepinephrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 278
2.3. Dopamine ........................................... 281